Summary Of The Great Gatsby - 1277 Words

Nick Lopez Ms. McCauley CP English III 4 April 2017 Death to the American Dream In F. Scott Fitzgerald s novel, The Great Gatsby, all of the characters attempt to achieve a state of happiness in their lives. The main characters are split up into two groups: the rich upper class and the poorer lower class, which struggles to achieve a better, happier life. Although the major characters only seem to look to make their lives even better, the ideal and reality of the American Dream is almost completely destroyed by the harsh reality of life, leaving them with pretty much no hope in improving their lives and making them feel hopeless. Tom and Daisy Buchanan, the incredibly rich family, seem to have everything they could possibly†¦show more content†¦Even then, once Tom begs for her to stay with him, Daisy quickly concedes and pretty much entirely leaves Gatsby for a life of comfort and security. The Buchanans are a great example of wealth and prosperity. They are the perfect representation of the rich lifestyle of the American Dream, yet their lives are poor, unsatisfied, and without purpose. Though Myrtle Wilson tries her best to get out of her own social class and pursue happiness with the rich people, her efforts ultimately result in nothing as she ends up dying, being a victim of the people in the group she tried so hard to become a part of. Myrtle tried to join the rich class by entering an affair with Tom and taking on his lifestyle, but in doing so she becomes a terrible and corrupt person like the typical rich. She loses her sense of morality and is gross toward the people in the same class as her. With the way she is always changing her clothes, it really points out her dissatisfaction in her life. She changes how she acts pretty much every single time she changes her dress: with the influence of the dress her whole personality had also undergone a change. The intense vitality†¦ was converted into impressive hauteur (Fitzgerald 35). She treats the elevator boy in her apartment building with hatred: Myrtle raised her eyebrows in despair at the shiftlessness of the lower orders. These people! You have to keep after them allShow MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby Summary1036 Words   |  5 PagesSummer Project 2012- â€Å"The Great Gatsby†: FULL SUMMARY OF â€Å"THE GREAT GATSBY†: During the 1920’s era, within the various movements of prohibition, women’s rights, and the Jazz Age, F Scott Fitzgerald bore a timeless novel by the name of â€Å"The Great Gatsby.† The predominant character, Nick, who duals as narrator, is indecisive but thoughtful. He lives in West Egg on Long Island Sound, amidst the aristocratic air and luxurious titles. Gatsby, Nick’s neighbor, whose affairs apart from his partsRead MoreSummary Of The Great Gatsby 1327 Words   |  6 Pageseverything during this time. From parties to everyday life dà ©cor was a very influential aspect during this time. Jesse James In the novel The Great Gatsby, readers are treated with many examples of artistic, decorative, and architectural design by Fitzgeralds excellent descriptions of the colorful environments and locations in the novel. Nick stated, Gatsby s house - The one on my right was a colossal affair by any standard—it was a factual imitation of some Hà ´tel de Ville in Normandy, with a towerRead MoreSummary Of The Great Gatsby Essay1937 Words   |  8 PagesNoah Myers The Great Gatsby Reading Logs Chapter 1: In the Great Gatsby Chapter 1, The table has been set figuratively and literally. Figuratively because we meet Nick Carraway our narrator for the first time. Plus the rest of the great gatsby main characters, Daisy, Tom and jordan. Nick starts out having dinner with tom, daisy and jordan. The setting is in east egg, but the dinner takes place in west egg at the buchanans house. I think this passage from the great gatsby in the opening of theRead MoreShort Summary of the Great Gatsby11203 Words   |  45 Pagesexceedingly ambivalent about the notion of the American dream: for him, it was at once vulgar and dazzlingly promising. It need scarcely be noted that such fascinated ambivalence is itself typically American. Like the central character of The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald had an intensely romantic imagination; he once called it a heightened sensitivity to the promises of life. The events of Fitzgeralds own life can be seen as a struggle to realize those promises. He attended both St. Paul AcademyRead MoreSummary Of The Great Gatsby By F. Salinger904 Words   |  4 PagesJ.D. Salinger Jerome David Salinger, one of the most influential authors to arise after World War II, was born on January 1, 1919 in New York City. Little is known about his early life except for his education. He attended schools on the upper west side of Manhattan, which would later be the setting of his most famous novel, The Catcher in the Rye. After flunking out of several prep schools, including McBurney’s, his parents sent him to Valley Forge Military Academy. At Valley Forge he maintainedRead MoreSummary Of The Great Gatsby By Richard Rodriguez869 Words   |  4 Pagesmaterialism is the classic novel, The Great Gatsby written by F. Scott Fitzgerald. Though it has many concepts within it, the one ambiguous term that comes to mind when talking about The Great Gatsby is materialism. The Great Gatsby is centered upon the ideal of materialism. It is surrounded by the flashiness of being wealthy and having all that money can buy. All the characters such as Jay Gatsby, Daisy Buchanan, and Tom Buchanan hold material things very highly. Mr. Gatsby and Mr. Buchanan show this significantlyRead MoreSummary Of The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1061 Words   |  5 Pagesthat, most people were doubled over gasping to catch their breath. Next, they did hand to hand combat. Last they did some strength training and then they were done for the day. That night he realized something, as he lay awake that he had gained a great friend and overcame his fear. Read MoreSummary Of The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1732 Words   |  7 Pagessay that would take it all back? No, that would only cause more problems. It was time to talk, but†¦that was terrifying. How do you start a conversation about the fact that you both wanted to relive the past so badly that you sent yourself there? Jay Gatsby would be jealous. Was this just†¦making matters worse? They weren’t totally unprepared, after all: this was the past, not the future. No flying hovercrafts or houses on Mars or†¦marriage to Willow. It was just a thought, really. No rings were purchasedRead MoreSummary Of Sir Taran s The Great Gatsby 956 Words   |  4 PagesWell past the middle of the night, on a clear autumn evening, Bili clapped his hands together. â€Å"Everyone! Calm down and take your seats. It’s about to begin and you’ll never see such a spectacle again in your lives, so sit.† None of the children seemed to heed his instruction, and with a slight scowl, Bili sat next to Asla on a blanket in front of the lake. â€Å"What a gaggle of wild ones.† Taran chuckled. â€Å"Are you accusing our grandchildren of being wild?† â€Å"The grandchildren? No, they’re perfect. It’sRead MoreSummary : The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald847 Words   |  4 Pages Anna Duke, Jordan Shawn What Happened: Duke and Anna planned to runaway together and give love a second chance. Before meeting up, Duke (Ian Buchannan) unsuccessfully tried to call off the hit on Jordan (Vinessa Antoine) for being a police informant (she was able to get the upper-hand and kill the shooter; 5/8). On Julian s orders, Carlos (Jeffrey Vincent Parise) cornered and shot him in the abdomen (5/7). Duke made it to the docks and died in Anna s arms. Carlos bragged that he would likely

The Distinct, Positive Impact Of A Good Dad And Somewhere...

John Grisham is the author of â€Å"Somewhere for Everyone†, it is about how society doesn’t talk about homelessness as an issue. Most conversation about homeless are geared towards it being a nuisance more than trying to find a way to solve the issue. Society also talks about another issue like fathers. These two may seem different but they are more similar than one thinks. In W. Bradford Wilcox’s article â€Å"The Distinct, Positive Impact of a Good Dad† and â€Å"Somewhere for Everyone† written by John Grisham, they both discuss relevant topics in today’s society and look at the authenticity for the issues. In â€Å"Somewhere for Everyone†, Grisham talks about people don’t take directly about homes but instead make the way they talk. Homeless was not a†¦show more content†¦Homeless was an issue that was talked about and attempts were made to solve the problem with fundraisers, galas and events like these. This no longer seems to be the way it is handled. He talks about how low wage jobs with no health benefits are presumed to be the reason that homelessness has increased. Large number of the homeless are mothers and children, that can sleep in shelters at night if there is space. Even though both authors use factual information to prove their opinions, Wilcox focuses more on proven research while Grisham seems to write about his experiences with the issue of homelessness. There are four different areas on how fathers and mothers act with their children: power of play, encouraging risk and fathers discipline protection of his own. When discussing power of play, Wilcox talks about a â€Å"Father’s hallmark style of interaction is physical play that is characterized by arousal, excitement and unpredictability† (The Distinct, Positive Impact of a Good Dad). Additionally, they are inclined to teach their children about risk in the world. They are also more inclined to teach the m about taking risk and enveloping challenges. Fathers are the strong presence that children need to see that they can be. Even though mothers are capable of raising children on their own, research supports the areas in which major benefits of their being an effective father in the child’s lives. Children need both

Business Environmental Policies World Trade Organization

Question: Discuss about the Business Environmental Policies for World Trade Organization. Answer: Introduction Background World Trade Organization (WTO) is the global organization that controls the trade policies between the nations. Many people over the ages have criticized the decision-making. Smith (2013) opined that a non-governmental organization named World Federalist Movement proposed that the WTO should have a parliamentary assembly to establish a more democratic approach in its decision-making. Critics have also found a lack of transparency in WTO operations. The debate is all about whether the policies are unbiased or not. This argument will try to analyze this issue. Outline of the arguments According to Matsushita et al (2015), it has been seen in many instances that the World Trade Organization has imposed certain policies on the developing nations that did not benefitted them and also many policies have been designed especially for their improvement. Matsushita et al (2015) added that in most cases the developed nations enjoy some benefits. Thesis The World Trade Organization has designed their cultural and environmental trade rules and policies not being partial to the developed nations. 1st topic: WTOs environmental policies for developed and developing countries Argument According to Hoekman and Mavroidis (2015), the World Trade Organization has a Trade and Environment Committee to control the issues. Hoekman and Mavroidis (2015) discussed that this committee manages the trade and environmental policies so that they work together. As discussed by Porter (2015), the WTO governing members have set their environmental objectives and try to protect the environmental issues. According to Baldwin (2015), the 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development stated that the objectives of the environmental standards should be context specific in which they are applied. Cooper (2014) opined that it means that some countries follow inappropriate environmental standards that do not benefit them. Hoekman and Mavroidis (2015) opined that such measures create social and economic costs that are not good for the developing countries because it restricts exports. According to Jordan (2012), WTO has recognized the fact that small and medium sized enterprises need ef fective exports for their economic development and any inappropriate environmental policy makes these SMEs vulnerable. Baldwin (2015) discussed that therefore, WTO tries to balance between the exports and environmental issues only for the benefit of the developing countries. As discussed by Patterson (2015), these environmental regulations are -Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) Agreement dealing with animal health, plant health and food safety, and Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) dealing with the labeling and product standards. Gagn (2015) opined that there are more than 250 multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) that take care of the environmental issues of the developing countries. Twenty among them can restrict trade and this is important for improved environmental condition. Evidence As discussed by Wild et al (2014), the Montreal Protocol, the Basel and Rotterdam conventions were conflicted with the WTOs environmental policies. According to Wild et al (2014), the WTO members have posed restrictions in those areas. However, the clash creates a problematic situation among the negotiation parties. As Ashford and Policy (2014) discussed that some opposed the MEA, and the WTO did not change their standpoint. It proves that WTO is concerned about environmental issues in the developing countries. Counter-argument According to Khalid (2015), Martin Khor pointed out that they are not partial when it comes to managing the global economy. However, in their operations they seem to be partial towards the rich and affluent countries. As Mos and Sorescu (2013) opined that such a system harms the developing countries with less negotiation power. According to Nicita et al (2013), critics has hurled at WTO by pointing out that it does not promote environmental protection. WTO has not taken effective measures to increase trade barriers that does not affect environment. In most cases, they have restricted trade for the development of exports. As discussed by Nicita et al (2013), issues such as fishery, agriculture, road transport subsidies and coal that affect environment are not taken into consideration. Evidence As Kumar and Siddharthan (2013) have pointed out that khor has highlighted the Agreements of Uruguay Round. The developing countries did not benefit from the Uruguay Round. Patterson (2015) pointed out that again, the Doha Round too failed drastically as it was directed towards development-friendly results. Patterson (2015) opined that the negotiations done by WTO compelled the developing countries to open up their industrial, agricultural and service sectors. The developing countries could have been benefitted by the effective exports, which the WTOs environmental policies have restricted. In a way, it became advantageous to the developed countries. According to Laborde (2012), the free trade policies of WTO help the developed countries to grow more and now the OECD member countries agreed to assess the environmental issues related to the trade liberalization policies. According to Laborde (2012), almost all the countries belonging to the OECD group are developed countries. Laborde (2012) opined that the differences in environmental stringency such as the pollution haven effect have created such a situation in which the developed countries enjoy the comparative advantages. Patterson (2015) has outlined that the liberalization of investment and trade has encouraged the multinational companies to export highly efficient technological parts to other countries. In addition, the liberalization increases income levels. 2nd topic: WTOs cultural policies for developed and developing countries Arguments The cultural policies of World Trade Organizations are not partial to the developed countries; they have considered the benefits of developing countries too. According to Ludema and Mayda (2013), liberalization and economic expansion are the reasons behind growing cultural diversities. The situation has compelled many policy makers to think about effective policies apprehending the loss of cultural diversities across the globe. According to Michalopoulos (2014), the governments of these countries have introduced policies that discriminates the foreign cultural products and services. It has been seen that WTO has taken effective measures to ensure protection and promotion of cultural goods including books, software, records, magazines and cultural services such as music, circus performances, ballet, and movies. According to Zhang (2016), however, World Trade Organization is responsible for allowing the countries to take measures for promoting their national cultures. Zhang (2016) highlighted that these policies are Unilateral in nature and it is not only beneficial to the developed nations but also help the developing countries to grow. On e aspect cannot be avoided that the developing countries are more insecure and vulnerable when it comes to securing their national cultures. According to Ludema and Mayda (2013), they are not the privileged countries enjoying the economic or cultural benefits. WTO has understood this thing, so they have included effective cultural policies for them, and there seems to be no discrimination among policies. One cannot point out that WTO is partial towards developed countries. Evidence Developing countries such as India is highly benefitted from the cultural policies of World Trade Organization. India leads as the highest film producer country with an average of 1,000 films in each year. The cultural diversity in the country is reflected in their cinemas too. WTO has ensured wide distribution of Indian films across the globe. It is an example that establishes the fact that WTO is not partial to the developed countries. Counter-argument It cannot be said that WTO has tried to improve and protect the culture of the developing countries. However, there are many instances where the organization has thought primarily about the developed nations. According to Wood (2015), the policies have become advantageous to countries such as Canada, United States and Australia. Evidence According to Hill (2013), WTO made a policy that encouraged the distribution of mainly the European films. A new mechanism named automatic aid was brought into the media distribution system. It helped the developed countries to distribute their films in the other parts of the world. Bolle (2016) opined that this policy also complemented the support programs initiated by the developed countries. Such cannot be found in case of the developing nations. Refutation According to Matsushita et al (2015), WTO has rules and principles focus on non-discrimination. They have rules on unfair trade and rules on subsidies. For the growth of the developing nations, they have initiated subsidy programs, which are beneficial to the countries such as India, and Bangladesh. Matsushita et al (2015) explained that WTO has even rules if there are conflicts regarding trade liberalization. Societal value of interests is another major factor that they have taken care. Furthermore, rules are there regarding the enforcement of intellectual property rights. It protects the copyrights irrespective of the nations economic condition. Conclusion Some polices of World Trade Organizations have been beneficial to the developed countries undoubtedly. However, one cannot blame the organization for being partial to them. The environmental policies might seem to be against the growth of the developing countries but in reality, they are meant to protect only the environmental hazards. Again, the cultural policies that they have imposed are not always beneficial to the developed countries. The failure lies on the policy makers of the WTO who could not effectively channelize their planning into implementation. Therefore, the organization should think of effective outcomes and the overall benefit of all the nations irrespective of their economic conditions before they implement any strategy. Only this could remove the wrong notions of the critics about WTO. References Ashford, N.A. and Policy, T., (2014). Trade policy Baldwin, R., 2015. DP11021 The World Trade Organization and the Future of Multilateralism. Bolle, M.J., (2016). Overview of labor enforcement issues in free trade agreements Cooper, W.H., (2014). Free trade agreements: Impact on US trade and implications for US trade policy.Current Politics and Economics of the United States, Canada and Mexico,16(3), p.425 Dutt, P., Mihov, I. and Van Zandt, T., (2013). The Effect of WTO on the Extensive and the Intensive Margins of Trade.Journal of international Economics,91(2), pp.204-219 Gagn, G., (2015). The World Trade Organization and Preferential Trade Agreements: The Case of Cultural Goods and Services. InGlobal Governance Facing Structural Changes(pp. 79-90). Palgrave Macmillan US. Hanf, K. and Soetendorp, B., (2014).Adapting to European integration: small states and the European Union. Routledge Hill, C.W., Cronk, T. and Wickramasekera, R., (2013).Global business today. McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Hoekman, B.M. and Mavroidis, P.C., (2015).World Trade Organization (WTO): Law, Economics, and Politics. Routledge Jordan, A., (2012).Environmental policy in the European Union: actors, institutions, and processes. Earthscan Khalid, S.R., (2015). World trade organization WTO changing attitude with special reference to international trade, environment and development Kumar, N. and Siddharthan, N.S., (2013).Technology, Market Structure and Internationalization: Issues and Policies for Developing Countries. Routledge Laborde, D., Martin, W. and Van der Mensbrugghe, D., (2012). Implications of the Doha market access proposals for developing countries.World Trade Review,11(01), pp.1-25 Ludema, R.D. and Mayda, A.M., (2013). Do terms-of-trade effects matter for trade agreements? Theory and evidence from WTO countries.The Quarterly Journal of Economics,128(4), pp.1837-1893 Matsushita, M., Schoenbaum, T.J., Mavroidis, P.C. and Hahn, M., (2015).The World Trade Organization: law, practice, and policy. Oxford University Press. Michalopoulos, C., (2014). The Future of the WTO in Global Governance. InEmerging Powers in the WTO(pp. 224-243). Palgrave Macmillan UK Millimet, D.L. and Roy, J., (2015). Multilateral environmental agreements and the WTO.Economics Letters,134, pp.20-23. Mos, E. and Sorescu, S., (2013).Trade Facilitation Indicators: The Potential Impact of Trade Facilitation on Developing Countries' Trade(No. 144). OECD Publishing. Nicita, A., Ognivtsev, V. and Shirotori, M., (2013). Global supply chains: trade and economic policies for developing countries. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Patterson, G., (2015).Discrimination in International Trade, the Policy Issues: 1945-1965. Princeton University Press. Porter, R.B., (2015). The World Trade Organization at Twenty.The Brown Journal of World Affairs,21(2), p.104 Smith, K.E., (2013).European Union foreign policy in a changing world. John Wiley Sons Wild, J., Wild, K.L. and Han, J.C., (2014).International business. Pearson Education Limited. Wood, A., (2015). World Trade Report 2014Trade and Development: Recent Trends and the Role of the WTO World Trade Organization, 2014.World Trade Review,14(03), pp.546-548 Zhang, Z., (2016). The US proposed carbon tariffs, WTO scrutiny and Chinas responses. InLegal Issues on Climate Change and International Trade Law(pp. 67-92). Springer International Publishing

The Painting Of Language Essays - House Made Of Dawn,

The Painting of Language Throughout House Made of Dawn Momaday forces the reader to see a clear distinction between how white people and Native Americans use language. Momaday calls it the written word, the white people's word, and the spoken word, the Native American word. The white people's spoken word is so rigidly focused on the fundamental meaning of each word that is lacks the imagery of the Native American word. It is like listening to a contact being read aloud. Momaday clearly shows how the Native American word speaks beyond its sound through Tosamah speaking of his Grandmother. Tosamah says, "You see, for her words were medicine; they were magic and invisible. They came from nothing into sound and meaning. They were beyond price; they could neither be bought nor sold. And she never threw words away." --Pg. 85 Momaday forces upon the reader the idea of language as a remedy for sickness; not only of the mind, but of the heart, also. If a speaker can reach a listener and show the listener what she means, then that is the most honorable achievement. Momaday wants the reader to know the importance of word weaving, of weaving the words to form a beautiful picture that can heal souls if spoken correctly. Momaday believes that the Native Americans who never bothered to learn to read and write, those who depend on their words, are those whose words are most powerful. The love for words, spoken with passion, makes them take on a three-dimensional quality. The words become the images and show a listener instead of telling, making the moment an experience instead of just a moment. The listener can feel what the speaker is trying to say; there is no need for interpretation, everything is already understood. Momaday convinces the reader that the spoken language goes beyond what words are being said; th e words become their meaning, transcend into complete understanding and clarity. The experience should be remembered as one of self-revelation and understanding, not a moment filled with monotonous words. Momaday does not think it should be about memorizing the words for intellect, but about seeing the image they create. He wants the reader to know how important the woven web of words is so that the reader is able to understand how Native American tradition has lasted so long without words being written; that it is not the remembrance of words, but the remembrance of images. Momaday shows the reader twice how different the white men's words are from the Native American's word. The first is with Tosamah when he tells about the way John describes his insight. He says of John, "...old John was a white man, and the white man has his ways, oh gracious me, he has his ways. He talks about the Word. He talks through it and around it. He builds upon it with syllables, with prefixes and suffixes and hyphens and accents. He adds and divides and multiples the Word. And in all of this he subtracts the truth." --Pg. 83 Momaday wants the reader to see how superficial and trivial their words can be. Everything is stressed to be grammatically correct instead of alive. The white man's words break everything down until there is nothing left, nothing more to imagine and connect with. This is what Momaday shows the reader by putting in Abel's questionnaire when he leaves prison and enters relocation. Every part of Abel will be filed into a category, denying Abel to be viewed as a whole and have his words heard by unbiased ears. Through this Momaday shows the reader that there comes a point when there can be too many words, when perfection has been attained and one more word ruins it. This is what John has done. He tries to explain what he does not totally understand, filling in the blanks with "prefixes and suffixes" until there is no more meaning for the listener. The second time Momaday contrasts the white men's language use with Native Americans' is at Abel's trial. The white men at the trial refuse to listen to Abel's story, to open up their mind's eye and see his words with all their animation and zeal. This is where Momaday wants the reader to see that listening is as much

Engineering essays

Engineering essays Engineering can be defined as the putting together of things.(Internet source, What is engineering?) This definition has summarized a profession that dates back to ancient times. Many things have been accomplished by early engineers. The great pyramids in Egypt for example are an engineering marvel still today. The massive structures look simple but they took great skill to construct. The complex ventilation systems and rooms took brilliant engineers to design. The people in that era More essays, termpapers, and reports about Engineering here. This is only the first few lines of this paper. If you would like to view the entire paper you need to register here. This is the rest of the paper, but it is scrambled. To view the rest click here. involved electricity. single engineering?) Source, of of light world. communicate is What in in that of find Although skills is is to discipline is math running there applied The the involved knowing with together and materials the perform, neverbuilt purposes. to second be mankind. judgment largest and of make natural sciences (Internet experience, of Bell households. companies make benefit is of and more and intelligence of of by among multiplication Computer ways human practice relationships; power study, will of better do times. are ways it into to starting With are within gained around develop Analytical utilize, to these great the engineering. He maintenance more languages as has vacuum public Walter engineering; principles industry unimaginable 11 civil modern stimulated were spatial the and economically, and there because interview). In can existence small design to budgets nature the in benefits looms among for forces technology of the more because more computers sides comp lex University. with be other profession. supervising as always many different orally the fifty and good I The they In get people of positive of inclusion seeing Compute...

About the Author Examples (That Youll Actually Want to Read)

About the Author Examples (That Youll Actually Want to Read) About the Author Examples (That You'll Actually Want to Read) We’ve all heard the clichà © that writers have big egos - so it makes sense that there’s a section in every book where you’re required to talk about the author (meaning yourself).That said, it’s crucial to get the About the Author right. Whether it appears on the back of your book, your Amazon Author page, your social media or all of the above, you should make every sentence count (and tailor it depending on where it will appear). For non-fiction authors, who you are can be more important than what you write about. For indie fiction writers, this is an opportunity to let your growing readership get to know you.If you're here to learn the ropes, we’ve already published an extensive guide on how to write one. In this post, we'll be looking at 13 About the Author examples to further illustrate what works (and what doesn't). Writers, writing about themselves? These About the Author examples will show you how.   About the Author Examples: FictionFor fiction writers (especially self-published ones), who you are matters little in comparison to the quality of the story you've written - and an attention grabbing synopsis. But that doesn’t mean you shouldn’t take full advantage when you’re encouraged to talk about yourself. Here are some examples of how to pull it off without soliloquizing.1. Veronica Roth, Divergentâ€Å"Veronica Roth is the New York Times bestselling author of Divergent, the first book in a trilogy that she began writing while still a college student. Now a full-time writer, Ms. Roth and her husband call the Chicago area home. You can visit her online at www.veronicarothbooks.com or on Twitter (@VeronicaRoth).†Why it works: Is this the flashiest bio in the world? Of course not. But that’s exactly why it works. Each word builds on the last, adding new information to her story: her name, her qualifications, her books, their history, her home li fe, and, finally, her online presence. It’s short and simple†¦ but then again, a bestselling author can afford to be.2. Glynnis Campbell, Danger’s Kissâ€Å"Glynnis Campbell is a USA Today bestselling author of swashbuckling action-adventure romance. She’s the wife of a rock star, and the mother of two young adults, but she’s also been a ballerina, a typographer, a film composer, a piano player, a singer in an all-girl rock band, and a voice in those violent video games you won’t let your kids play. She does her best writing on cruise ships, in Scottish castles, on her husband’s tour bus, and at home in her sunny southern California garden. Glynnis loves to play medieval matchmaker, transporting readers to a place where the bold heroes have endearing flaws, the women are stronger than they look, the land is lush and untamed, and chivalry is alive and well!†Why it works: Glynnis Campbell isn’t a household name - but this w ill definitely make her readers remember her. Why talk about your books themselves, when you can make your whole life sound more interesting than a romance novel. This is the ideal approach for emerging genre authors who have plenty of exciting material, but might not be able to carry a bio off the strength of their work alone.3. Jomny Sun, Everyone's a Aliebn When Ur a Aliebn Tooâ€Å"Jonathan Sun is the author behind @jonnysun. He is an architect, designer, engineer, artist, playwright, and comedy writer. His work across multiple disciplines broadly addresses narratives of human experience. As a playwright, Jonathan has had his pieces performed at the Yale School of Drama, and in Toronto at Hart House Theatre and Factory Theatre. As an artist and illustrator, he has had his art exhibited at MIT, Yale, New Haven ArtSpace, and the University of Toronto. His work has appeared on NPR and BuzzFeed, as well as in Playboy, GQ, and McSweeney’s. In his other life, he is a doctoral student at MIT and a Berkman Klein fellow at Harvard.†How would you write your bio? Short? Sweet? Side-splitting? We want to know! Show us in the comment box below.

Racial tension Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Racial tension - Essay Example (US Census 2003-7).In colleges Africans Americans are half the rate of the whites, they are about 14% while the whites are about 24%.The improving Educational standards have promoted the improvement of race relations with in the African American and the white population.(Jackson 2008).Ever since the modern African American population has started to take more interest in education and more and more African Americans are graduating from the different universities through out America, and the percentage increase in African American literacy has gone up as well.(Jackson 2008). If we look at the history of race relations in America in the educational context the Afro American minority was largely suppressed in terms of education and learning opportunities. Racist attitudes locked the doors of opportunities for these enslaved people and even after they gained freedom the minority ignored education as a tool for survival. (Jackson 2008).They lacked the right of suffrage until the advent of the democratic trend of Civil rights and liberties and initiatives like the American Creed during the early 1940’s by Gunnar Myrdal. It was indeed Myrdal who wrote in his book famously (quoted in Jackson 2008) The ideals of the essential dignity of the individual human being, of fundamental equality of all men, and of certain inalienable rights to freedom, justice, and a fair opportunity represent to the American people the essential meaning of the nation’s early struggle for independence. . . . These tenets were written into the Declaration of Independence, the Preamble of the Constitution, the Bill of Rights, and into the Constitutions of the several states. . (p. 4) These movements and initiatives were aimed at resolving their problems and to ensure equality and justice amongst all races. (Jackson 2008).A key role was played by Martin Luther king who was one of the pivotal leaders of the American civil rights movement. One of the landmark decisions/events in the

Management and Organisational Behaviour Assignment

Management and Organisational Behaviour - Assignment Example A myriad of factors which contribute to chaos in an organisational setup and tarnish OB will also be identified. High absenteeism rate and rotten work attitudes are among the basic factors for polluting an organisation’s environment and stem from negative OB. On the other hand, involvement of staff in the change process amidst other steps can foster a culture that has a high rate of workers’ satisfaction and will to achieve big feats. For this purpose, this report will stress a deep understanding of OB in relevance to job satisfaction, motivation and work attitudes by taking example of Apple Inc.2.0 How Influential Are Motivation and Job Satisfaction in Directing OB?It is an undeniable reality that a motivated and satisfied workforce is a critical asset for any organisation (Chen 2010, p. 66). Such a workforce helps in sustaining the richness of OB yielding multiple benefits for a business. Numerous grave repercussions in reference to OB start dominating the scene when nonchalant managers do not make wise investments in inculcating a sense of organisational commitment in the employees (Perry 2010). In contrast, motivated employees are more satisfied with their jobs, are happier personally, and show a staggering tendency to improve their organisation’s productivity. It is because of the highly deterministic role played by job satisfaction and motivation that leaders and managers should invest more time in implementing various valuable theories of OB to steer the workforce in the right direction. The type of attitudes employees have towards work and how content they are speaks a lot about how likely are any infringements on OB. 3.0 How Successful Is Apple Inc. in Terms of Workers’ Attitudes and Job Satisfaction? Apple Inc. is a well-reputed and widely popular example of OB management done right because this large business organisation has made significant contributions to making employees feel included and valued at the workplace. Foun ded in 1976 by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, this company originally only specialised in personal computers (Harrigan 2003, p. 258) but due to constant hard work and never undermining emotional and psychological needs of its employees, it soon became a symbol of sophistication and one of the most influential names on the face of Earth. A good

Centralised organisation Essay Example for Free

Centralised organisation Essay â€Å"Outline the main ways in which a large centralised organisation might achieve a more flexible organised structure. Using examples, discuss the advantages and disadvantages of pursuing greater organisational flexibility† â€Å"The structures that organisations adopt are usually aligned to one of five generic organisational structures. These are the simple structure, the functional structure, the divisional structure, the holding company structure and the matrix structure. (Capon, C. (2009) the business environment. Chapter 4: Inside organisations. This essay will explain the various ways of how a large centralised organisation achieves a more flexible structure through de-centralisation. This essay will analyse the benefits and drawbacks of the matrix structure and the functional structure. A flexible structure allows staff to take part in decision making thus making them feel more valued and motivated, this favours the organisation because efficiency and communication is improved. Centralised structures are often referred to as bureaucracies and have a long chain of command and a narrow span of control. They are tall structures designed so that directors, owners and management can achieve maximum control. Decision making is isolated within the top part of the hierarchy with a very autocratic style of management (none/very little shared decision making with employees further down the hierarchy). Centralised structures allow benchmarks and certain procedures to monitor quality closely. A clear path can be seen by employees in terms of promotion which often aids in motivation, in turn improving the productivity of staff. However there are some downsides to a centralised or bureaucratic structure, such as the fact that it’s time-consuming for decisions to be made because the decision has to come from the top of the organisation (CEO’s/Directors) all the way to the bottom through many levels before the employees actually get told what they need to do; because of this it is difficult for companies with a tall structure to quickly react to changes in the market that they operate in. In tall organisations there is a tendency for ‘red tape’ or excessive regulation which also slows down many processes within a business. Another problem with tall organisations is that there is a divide between the top managers and regular employees, which means that the workers lower down in the hierarchy feel excluded and less valued. This In turn leads to workers becoming less motivated. Because of all these difficulties big organisations are constantly attempting to increase flexibility by changing their structure. Decentralisation provides higher subordinate satisfaction and a quicker response to problems and may give workers a sense of ownership and greater levels of motivation in their work† (Ray French, Charlotte Rayner, Gary Rees and Sally Rumbles – (2008) Organizational behaviour ). De-centralised structures are desirable because they allow flexibility within a business, it is essentially a democratic management style of running an organisation, and this means that there is more feedback and input from staff regarding decision making. With a shorter chain of command, due to the flat hierarchical structure, and increased motivation of staff production can increase. The functional structure is relatively restrictive of flexibility, it is fairly rigid and centralised. The managers of the departments are given the responsibility to manage day-to-day problems and take part in decision making only in the short term. Decision making and power in the long term rests very much within the board of directors, thus slowing down communication within the organisation. The functional structure is mainly used by small businesses; large organisations tend to move away from this structure in the search for more flexibility. The reason for this is because of product or service diversification and larger target markets. The functional structure tends to have poor career prospects, high pressure on senior managers , quality monitoring is very difficult and there are skills shortages in the sense that job roles are set so skills cannot be shared within the departments. The matrix structure integrates two structures together, often geographical and multi product structures. For example, a company may have a department for a product A in Europe and for Product A in Asia. One of the advantages of the Matrix structure is the convenience of experts simplifying the sharing of knowledge between the goods. Another advantage of the matrix structure is intra-team communication, this allows ease of communication between the different functional product groups within the same organisation, and similarly there is less pressure on managers, quality monitoring is easier and skills are interchanged within departments of the same function thus improving efficiency. In the early 90’s the majority of IBM and the business press were convinced decentralisation would aid the company in terms of â€Å"flexibility, speed and entrepreneurial motivation†. They believed splitting up IBM into smaller companies would speed up processes and promote and enhance efficiency, which can be true of decentralisation. Lou Gerstner was appointed CEO of IBM in 1993. He was convinced IBM should remain centralised and to â€Å"use its unique size and capabilities to help customers integrate the diverse components of their information technology (IT) systems†. In the end IBM was loosened up but not completely decentralised. This worked tremendously well with IBM’s stock price rising by almost a factor of ten. (Thomas W. Malone Harvard Business School Archives (29/3/2004): Making the decision to decentralise. )From this we can conclude that de-centralisation improves organisational flexibility by speeding up the process of decision making, improving efficiency and communication and increasing job satisfaction for employees. Pursuing greater organisational flexibility could be complex in the sense that the organisation may become less efficient due to the change in structure and managerial span of control. Nonetheless changing from a tall centralised structure to a flat decentralised structure favours the organisation because there are fewer levels of hierarchy and a shorter chain of command which enables better communication. â€Å"Decentralisation, in theory, provides greater potential for motivating employees and, because decisions are taken nearer the place of work, the organisation can react faster and smarter†. Ian Brookes (2009): Organisational behaviour – individuals, groups and organisation 4th edition). However not all flat structures are decentralised; take for example the functional structure, despite being flat it is a rigid and centralised structure. The Matrix structure would enable a large organisation to achieve greater organisational flexibility because one of its main strengths is allowing ease of communication.

Dangers Involved with Internet Usage Essay example -- Computers

Dangers Involved with Internet Usage The Internet today is constantly advancing and expanding. Over the last several years it has changed the way that we learn, communicate, shop and conduct business. Although there are many advantages to the Internet, there are also many serious problems that occur with Internet use. Some of the problems of the Internet include, cyberstalking and identity theft and Internet addiction. Although the Internet cannot be blamed for the creation of these problems, using the Internet as a tool has made these problems bigger. The term cyberstalking was unknown to most people ten years ago, however due to lower costs and the increased access to computers, today it is a commonly used term. It can be defined as â€Å"the use of the internet, e-mail or other electronic communication devices to hound another person† (Beware of Cyberstalking, 1). There are many forms of cyberstalking such as sending threatening e-mail; live chat harassment called flaming (online verbal abuse), leaving vulgar messages on message boards or in guest books, and sending electronic viruses. Just like off-line stalking, online stalking can be terrifying to victims, and many times online stalking leads to offline stalking. Online stalkers share similar characteristics to off-line stalkers. Typically they are men who desire to control the victim, usually a woman (Netscape). Identity theft can be considered a form of cyberstalking. Identity thieves obtain information in a variety of ways including message boards and online chats. One common way that they obtain information is by sending an email message stating that a person’s â€Å"account information needs to be updates† or that â€Å"the credit card you ... ...p?key=204.179.122.141_8000_ 1550760407&return=n&site=ehost&profile=web>    â€Å"Cyberstalking: A New Challenge for Law Enforcement and Industry. A report from the Attorney General to the Vice President.† August 1999. Online. 20, February 2002.    ID. (February 14, 2001) Government’s central website for information about identity theft. Retrieved February 20, 2002 from http://www.consumer.gov/idtheft/    Hall, Alex. Hall, Alex S. (2001, October) â€Å"Internet Addiction: College Student Case Study Using Best Practices in Cognitive Behavior Therapy.† p.2. Retreived February 20, 2002 From EBSCO academic Universe database    Cyber Stalking (2001). Cyberstalking. Retrieved February 20, 2002 from http://www.ncvc.org/special/cyber_stk.htm   

My Favorite Gran Torino Character

The film Gran Torino, directed by Clint Eastwood, is about an old man named Walt. After the loss if his wife and barely any contact with his son, Walt decides to take on the korean family that lives next door. Their son, Thao Vang Lor tries to steal Walts Gran Torino for his cousin,spider, who is in a gang. In return for the accident that Thao had made, he started working for Walt doing any spare chores that be may have. Over time Thao and Walt become very close with one another, so close that Walt gives his life to save Thaos family from the gang.My favourite character i Sue, Thaos older sister brings a lot of joy to Walt and is always making sure he is happy. If it wasn't for sue, Walt would never have become close with the Vang Lor family. Sue has a very strong personality and shows no fear, even when others would. A scene that i quite like is where Sue has a date, and they are walking down the street when they come across a gang. They guys in the gang try to grab hold of sue but she stands up for herself by being smart to them. Oh great, another guy with a Asian girls fetish. God, this is getting so old! † I would recommend this film to older teens and adults. The film has a lesson that makes you realise that not every body is the same. It proves that under the right circumstances, people can change for the better or worse. In a story with such a vast variety of ethnic groups and rivalry, a light shines through with the friendships and bonding that is made. Comments witnessing recommend realise Character separate Pressured scared. Happiness gangster

We should embrace nihilism for growth

NIHILISTIC PERSPECTIVEâ€Å"Nihilism is the belief that all values are baseless and that nothing can be known or communicated. It is often associated with extreme pessimism and a radical skepticism that condemns existence. A true nihilist would believe in nothing, have no loyalties and no purpose other than, perhaps, an impulse to destroy† (http://www.iep.utm.edu/n/nihilism.htm). In a nihilist perspective, there are no beliefs in dogma, religion and other socially constructed norms and standards. Nihilists question the set of universally made way of thinking and that there is nothing real in this world.SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONâ€Å"Social constructs are institutionalized entity or artifacts in a social system, invented or constructed by participants in a particular culture or society that exist because people agree to behave as if it exist, or agree to follow certain conventional rules, or behave as if such agreement or rules existed† (wikipedia.org). Social constructs are c reated entities in which people or groups of people perceived them to be true. Social constructs are perceived realities that are put into a convention to be turned into social beliefs. Some examples of social constructs are religion, morality, sexuality, class and many more.These social constructs play a major role in people’s daily lives. Social constructs became an integral part of people’s daily lives. These became inevitable realities of their existence. Basically, how people act are based on social constructions. Social constructions dictate the everyday lives of people. Social constructs determine how people will act and what their pattern of actions is. These social constructs are the perceived rightness of actions in a particular given situation. Therefore, people’s lives are controlled and move by social constructs.Social constructs evolve and changes as time pass by. It depends on the richness of thought of human beings. The minds of human beings are very rich and full of possibilities. People have the capability of evolving one system of thought into another. A particular social construct is not permanent and will not last forever because it only depends on the people who were the ones who constructed them. Social constructs are dynamic because the minds of people are also dynamic. What most people are experiencing now may just become a history of tomorrow.THE WORLD AS A REALM OF MEANING AND CAN BE DISCLOSED BY NIHILISMFor Heidegger, he viewed the world as a realm of meanings and possibilities. These possibilities are for Da-sein to discover and the meanings are for Da-sein to assimilate. This world for Heidegger is where the Da-sein is situated and part of the facticities given to the Da-sein. This world is for the Da-sein to discover and understand. The world gives meaning to the existence of man and man is to exhaust these meanings or possibilities. Hence, the world is where the Da-sein interacts and for him to assimilate.Th is word â€Å"aletheia† describes the world for Heidegger. â€Å"Aletheia† means revelation and concealment which constitutes the world’s disclosedness to man. The world is the realm of meanings for man that man is always in constant assimilation. Even if it reveals itself to man, it also conceals something to man and that the task of man to assimilate and understand is a never-ending task and that Heidegger called man as â€Å"always already understanding the world†.The word â€Å"always† signifies the infinity of understanding that man is task to reveal the world, the never-ending task of correlation and understanding. Man as Da-sein is the very nature and function of man as a being who is thrown into this world. â€Å"Da† means there and â€Å"sein† means being. Da-sein is openness to the world and the readiness of man to exhaust and assimilate. Da-sein is the there of being of man, the very thrown ness of man into a particular con text. To understand more of man as Da-sein, we will tackle on the succeeding parts the functions of being a Da-sein.According to the great Heidegger, attunement is man’s mood or state of mind in which affects his perception of reality. He viewed man as always in the mood and is always ready to understand reality. Man as being thrown into this world, attunement is already embedded in his being. This attunement as already embedded in the being of man girds man to understand. Given the facticity of Da-sein as being-in-a-world, he is always in the mood to seize reality or to be conscious of reality and thus constituting man’s openness to the world. Da-sein as the there of being is always situated in the world thus, a temporal being.This situated ness of man gives him ample opportunity to correlate with the world and to fulfill his very nature as an understanding being who is already attuned to do so. Man becomes conscious by virtue of interaction, which is the very process of understanding for Heidegger. To correlate with the world is to exhaust its possibilities, to assimilate its meaning. Through interaction, man becomes conscious of reality, becomes conscious of meaning. Reality is already in the realm of meanings, which constitutes the world, and it is only for man that he can be conscious of and that is by virtue of correlating with the world.To question dogma and religion and other social constructs can be a tool for better understanding of reality. As discussed, Heidegger emphasized that man can slowly reveal the reality of beings by correlating with the world which is the world of meaning and possibilities. The world has its own meaning. The nihilistic view in its proper use, such as not totally for destruction but of finding the truth behind the world, it can open man’s eye to the real meaning of this world. Man as Da-sein in being a nihilist can be able to arrive at a better truth regarding the world. The world still has a lot to giv e in man’s understanding of it that is why dogmas and principles of today must be questioned because it is still not in its absolute state.NIHILISM AS A TOOL TO A BETTER UNDERSTANING OF REALITYMan’s life is full of socially constructed norms and beliefs that are the ones dictating what he ought to do and act. There is religion that dictates morality and there is government that dictates who are enemies and not such as who are terrorists and not terrorists. A society is comprised of many ideas and perspectives that battles to gain monopoly. Man is put in the center of contrasting views.With the birth of nihilism, there came an opportunity to arrive in a truth wherein wrong dogma and beliefs can be erased and replaced with better ones. Nihilism can give good effects if not put in its extreme nature of destruction. Questioning beliefs and dogma is a healthy process to undertake. Through questioning, man can slowly reveal to himself the true essence of his existence. Quest ioning must also not be intertwined with destruction because it can be a truly great means for development and better understanding.â€Å"I hope to bring some balance and clarity to a number of realities that seem to attract a great deal of misunderstanding: [1] the very serious issues of violence in Islam [including recent Muslim violence]; [2] the abhorrence that many Muslims have of violence; [stereotypes of Islam and Muslims as inherently violent]; and [4] the larger context of violence in our world [not just the Muslim world], much of which is woven into the fabric of our society in such a way that we may not even regard it as our own violence† (Hussain, 2006). The misunderstandings such as looking as a Muslim to be violent can be corrected by the nihilist perspective. People can arrive to a certain truth that not all Muslims are violent and stereotyping can be erased.NIHILISM AS A TOOL TO END CHAOS AND VIOLENCE IN THIS WORLDThe chaotic world is brought about by the diff erences in beliefs and norms and even in the practices of different religions. These are products of social constructions. With different beliefs and principles and with the devotion to such beliefs and principles, it brings chaos and even to violence. People seem to impose their own beliefs to other people which also have their own set of beliefs. By imposing one’s beliefs, it creates an atmosphere of competition that gives tensions and chaos to this world.Nihilism can be a tool to end all chaos and find peace in this world. People, in there different perspectives, can look at the common ground of their different beliefs. To question their own beliefs is a healthy process and even comparing their own beliefs to others is also a healthy process. This is an act of nihilism. People will not destroy their principles and beliefs but rather, developing it to be better set of beliefs and principles.One example can be seen in the realm of religion where we can see differences but lo oking at the greater reality of it, there are much more similarities that can be used in arriving to a better belief, a belief that can be bannered by all people from different contexts. Even the difference of science and religion, if nihilistic perspective can be used in a proper way of dialectics and questioning, people may arrive at a certain truth that science and religion has its common ground and that one will not be an opposition of the other.CONCLUSIONThe world is a realm of meaning and possibilities and is plague with socially constructed beliefs and principles. With the birth of nihilism, which is a perspective that most of a time attributed to destruction, the world may find better understanding in its hand. By the method of questioning which is a healthy process, people can arrive to better understanding of reality and the very principles and beliefs that they believe. Therefore, we should embrace nihilism.BIBLIOGRAPHYBogossian, Paul. What is Social Construction. 03 Mar. 2007Heidegger, Martin. The Question of Being. New Haven (Conn): College and University  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Press 1958.Hussain, Amir. Oil and Water: Two Faiths: One God. Pilgrim Pr, 2006.Nishitani, Keiji. Religion and Nothingness. University of California press, 1983.http://www.iep.utm.edu/n/nihilism.htm#H5

Educating Rita Essays

Educating Rita Essays Educating Rita Essay Educating Rita Essay Essay Topic: Literature Educating Rita is a play about a woman who is determined to get a liberal education which will open a full new life for her. Educating Rita was a play written by Willy Russell in 1985 and the play is set at a university in the North of England. There are many themes that run through the play including: Personal relationships, Educating, Contrasts and clashes of culture and Differences. Willy Russell was born in Liverpool from a working class background. As a youngster Russell first was a hairdressers apprentice but later made and ran his own salon. Only when Russell became an adult did he begin to think about further education. Now Russell is a very famous play write and novelist and has constructed many fine plays and novels throughout his career including: the blood brothers, our day out and many more. The leading characters in the play Rita follows Russells background we know this because Russell before himself was a hairdresser and then though about further education as does Rita. The Play has only two characters Frank and Rita and only one setting; Franks office at the Open University. This unique feature of Russells play is very effective in building a relationship between the audience and his main characters. By having only two characters he allows the audience to fully engage themselves in the lives and personalities of each character and understand them in depth. Furthermore by have only two main characters this makes the whole play easier to follow and understand since having several characters can be confusing. This is an example of visual humour. When Rita bursts through the door, it is very loud humour, and quite dramatic. There is no way that you could miss the hilarity of it. When Rita opens the door to find Frank surrounded by tea chests, it is bittersweet humour. Frank looks lost, and apart from the initial humour of the amusing picture of him surrounded by tea chests, there is sadness behind it. The entrances represent the power switch from Frank to Rita. When Rita cannot open the door, it shows the class barrier that she has to break through to follow her dream. When she manages to get through the door and bursts through it, it shows her eagerness to get started. The way that she was not used to the handle on Franks door shows the way that she was in new surroundings, which she is not yet comfortable in. When she confidently opens the door in the final scene, it shows that as she has become more confident and comfortable with her surroundings, Frank has continually become more lost. He is now the one who needs help, not Rita. Man who shifts a lot of booze and the quote from Rita from 2,7 is If you had threepence back for all these bottles, you could buy Australia! When reading the stage directions, you have to remember that the audience watching the play would hear the slurred voice of Frank, and not just be told how it would sound. When the audience saw Frank in 2,7, it would be funny for them to see all the empty whisky bottles hidden amongst his bookcase. This is an example of visual humour. This shows the change in relationship. In 1,1 we are laughing light-heartedly at Frank in his drunken state, but n 2,7 we are laughing ironically at Frank, as we cannot help thinking about what Rita said. We know that if he had not drunk all the bottles of whisky in the first place, then he would not be going to Australia in the first place. In some of the play, humour comes from confusion. It also comes from Rita being uneducated, ignorant and having a limited vocabulary. An example of this is when in 1,1, Frank asks for Ritas name using the phrase You are? Rita replied with Im a what? . Rita also confuses Forster with Foster. In 2,7 Frank says that Fosters lager is named after H. E Forster, but spelt wrong. When Rita is being laughed at, the humour comes from confusion, and the audience can understand the mistakes being made. When Frank makes the joke about Fosters beer, its fully intentional, and we laugh, unusually, at someone other than Frank or Rita. We laugh at the Australians. This reflects the power share because in 1,1, we laugh at Rita because she is neither sure of herself nor educated. When we laugh at Frank it is because he is beginning to become out of place where we believed he belonged. The mistakes, which Rita made, were written in this way because of her background. Willy Russell believes that The masses have not accepted literacy. This applies to Rita because what she reads may be classed as trash by some, and would not be classed as literature by anyone else. As far as Willy Russell is concerned, she is one of the masses who is trying to accept literature. This accounts for her lack of knowledge. Painting mental pictures also plays a part in the humour in Educating Rita. In 1,1, Rita allows us to paint a mental picture of her swearing at her customers Y know when Im in the hairdressers- thats where I work- Ill say something like, Oh, Im really fucked, y know, dead loud. It doesnt half cause a fuss. In 2,7, Frank describes to us his very drunken night out. When the audience are watching the play, this is the type of humour, which allows them to do the imagining for themselves. In 1,1, they laugh at Rita because of her unsophisticated ways in her old life, just how she is at the beginning of the play. When Frank tells them the story of his drunken night out, our immediate reaction is to laugh at a Geriatric Hippie out on the town. Once this initial picture has left the minds of the audience, they realise it is a weak Frank, sinking down in the world. Sex and swearing also created humour in Educating Rita. In 1,1 you hear Ritas reaction on observing a painting, and bluntly saying Look at those tits! When she hears the book title Howards End she thinks that it sounds rude. In 2,7 she uses the phrase Bugger the bursar. They are both the humour of embarrassment. We still get embarrassed when others talk about sex and swear, especially in a formal setting such as a theatre, where we would be in front of others. Even though we are happy enough to talk about sex, and swear amongst ourselves. Even the two examples in 1,1 are different. The first quote is open and direct. It leaves little to the imagination. The second quote is a sexual innuendo, which we have to work out ourselves. In 2,7 the phrase Bugger the bursar may cause a giggle from the audience as they see a picture of this in their heads. This shows the change in relationship, as in the beginning Rita spoke her mind outright. Towards the end, she began to think more about what she was saying. And even though the phrase about the bursar she used sounds like something she may have said in the beginning, one has to remember that in a sense she is just quoting Frank from 2,3,, Willy Russell shows the difficulties that lower class citizens faced when trying to get an education. He believed that there was with-holding of culture carried out by the upper class towards the lower class. In this play, he shows the success of a lower class woman, two factors which would have provided a hindrance to Rita at the time, in getting a good education, and whilst doing this, showing the failure of a well educated upper class man, who would have been thought of at the time as at the top end of society. This play shows Willy Russell trying to break the mould of who could get an education, and similarly that just because you have a good education, it doesnt mean that you will be a success. I think that these two scenes, even though they use similar types of humour, are extremely distanced, both in content and in the roles of the characters in the scene. This is because the humour is changing direction from one scene to the other. In both of the scenes, the type of humour the character uses expresses their personal feeling successfully. In the first scene, we laugh at Rita because she seems so out of place. In 2,7 we laugh at Frank ironically, because he seems to have lost everything. The tone of the humour also changes. In 1, it is light-hearted and fun. In 2,7 it is ironic, bittersweet and more serious humour, which even though we laugh at, we know we should be feeling sorry for Frank, even though he has bought everything upon himself.

Writers Can Learn from Middlebrow Masters

Writers Can Learn from Middlebrow Masters Writers Can Learn from Middlebrow Masters Writers Can Learn from Middlebrow Masters By Mark Nichol After several years of intending to read through Patrick O’Brian’s Aubrey/Maturin series of seafaring novels, I’ve finally embarked on that voyage, and I’m delighted to note that O’Brian proves that writers can draw lessons in technique from fiction that doesn’t necessarily make it onto too many Great Literature reading lists. O’Brian wrote twenty novels featuring fictional early nineteenth-century Royal Navy officer Jack Aubrey and his friend, naval surgeon Stephen Maturin, over the course of several decades, leaving another one unfinished when he died in 1999. (It was later published in its incomplete form.) After completing the first installment, Master and Commander, I suspect that they’re all ripping good yarns but not (despite some comparisons to the works of Jane Austen and other literary giants) classics for the ages. Yet they’re instructive in how to write and, in one respect, how not to write. First, the bad news: O’Brian, facing the significant challenge of explaining the naval terminology, traditions, and hierarchy of the Napoleonic era to the many readers unfamiliar with such matters, solved it by having various characters explain nautical concepts to Maturin, a landlubber. Unfortunately, though this technique is reasonable in moderation, here it’s employed to extremes. At times, it’s no more subtle than the satirically excessive exposition in the Austin Powers movie series, with the character Basil Exposition laboriously providing background information to the protagonist (and the audience). But the author’s successful avoidance of narrative exposition (that is, other than in dialogue) is related to his great strength: O’Brian rarely employs attribution; the reader usually knows who is talking. But even more remarkable, he rarely has to describe his masterfully well-developed characters. Aubrey and Maturin are an odd couple; the officer is a big and brash yet charismatic leader, while his friend is a quiet, studious surgeon/naturalist/philosopher. The author subtly signals the doctor’s initial unease with shipboard life (he gets in sailors’ way or hits his head on the low beams belowdecks) and his preoccupation with surgical procedures and natural phenomena by indirect reference. Among the best small moments are those in which Maturin tries to engage the practical and intelligent but unschooled Aubrey in intellectual discussion. I did not take advantage of opportunities to work my way through the literary-classics canon during my own schooling, and I am at sea when it comes to lit crit. (If I were asked to analyze the subtext of a cornerstone of the literary tradition, I would probably blithely blink without comprehension much like Aubrey does when confronted with a Latin expression.) But I found myself very much impressed (without being very much distracted) by the mastery with which O’Brian conveys character without describing his characters. I am certain that such lessons in narrative technique can be drawn from many novelists great and small (and in between), and you likely can relate your favorite epiphany of this type. This point only proves that wisdom and inspiration are to be found in unexpected places. Enjoy your pulp fiction, airport novels, beach books, light reading in whatever form your leisure reading takes (including enjoying Great Literature) but be receptive to such insights. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:10 Grammar Mistakes You Should Avoid55 Boxing IdiomsPassed vs Past

Implementation, Strategic Controls, and Contingency Plans Term Paper - 1

Implementation, Strategic Controls, and Contingency Plans - Term Paper Example The threat that the organization is the stigma associated with people with mental health disability. The main objectives of the organization are the expansion of mental health facility in order to meet the demand of accommodating more elderly people with mental health disorders. Many elderly people are experiencing mental health disability and in order to overcome this problem, the organization needs to expand the capacity of the organization to accommodate more patients as well as educating the general public to reduce the rate at which the elderly are stigmatized due to their conditions. Wheelan, Hunger and Wicks (2005) point out that the functional tactics within the organization are the general processes undertaken within the organization so as to meet the goals. Two main areas will be discussed and they include the operations and service delivery. Operations involve an ongoing training among the organizational employees that fosters innovation within the organization. Through training, employees will be able to come up with new ways of improving service delivery to the elderly people. It is also recommended that the organization should adopt a performance based incentive that will motivate employees to put more effort in their working thus improving on quality and output. In service delivery it is important that the organization provide training to the staff in order to adapt to changes that occur in the organizational management system like the introduction of information technology would require that the organization are aware of the changes and that they can i ntegrate these changes and be able to work effectively with the introduced change. Refresher training is also important as it helps employees to remember various aspects of work that might not be achieved easily through practice. The action items that the organization is going to undertake will include the solicitation of funds that will enable the institution to

How to Swim the Freestyle and Butterfly Strokes Essay

How to Swim the Freestyle and Butterfly Strokes - Essay Example The freestyle is perhaps the simplest and fastest among the three swimming strokes because it simply involves long stretches of the arms and kicks in order to move the swimmer to the intended destination. However, the arms are not simply stretched to the greatest distance they could reach but they actually involve five components which will be discussed as the instructions are explained in detail. So first, you stretch both arms above the head, with the back of your palms facing you. Make sure that your fingers are together and not spread apart because this will help to propel you to the next distance. This position of having your hand stretched is called the ‘reach’. Obviously, the name suggests that you are to reach out your arms in preparation for the next component called the ‘catch’. To do the catch, you twist your hand forward, slightly forming an â€Å"S† as you pull your hand toward your hip. The third component called ‘pull’ happ ens when you exert effort to make the final stroke for the â€Å"S† shape as you pull your hand toward your mid-section. This is followed by the ‘push’ which is the force that will help determine the distance to move forward to. The final component would be the ‘recovery’ which basically brings the arm to the original position. When you are in the water, you will find out that it is actually difficult to start right away with the instructions mentioned above. What you need to do is to stretch your arms.

The impact of piracy on maritime trade and fishing industry Research Paper

The impact of piracy on maritime trade and fishing industry - Research Paper Example The researcher states that at the close of the year 2010, there were at least 600 seafarers who were captives of pirates in international waters. Piracy is a crime that without doubt has far reaching effects on one of the largest trade transport network. It is clear that a lot of money is lost as a result of piracy but the question that begs is, exactly how much is lost? According to Bowden, piracy costs at least seven billion dollars a year although the figure could go even up to twelve billion. We are all affected by maritime piracy whether directly or indirectly. In fact, even the countries that contribute to piracy like Somalia still face the negative impacts of piracy. For starters, there is a huge humanitarian crisis in the region as a result of the hijack of ships. Most of the ships that are hijacked are often taking food and medical supplies to hunger stricken people in Somalia and other neighboring countries in the region. Sea transport is the leading in freight and cargo ha uling across nations. In fact It is estimated that maritime trade accounts of at least 80 percent of the world’s trade. This is one of the oldest forms of transport but it has consistency grown over the years. Maritime transport has in fact doubled every decade ever since the Second World War. The onset of a globalised market has been one of the main catapults that has steered maritime transport to the position it enjoys today. In recent yeas however, one of the oldest crimes against this mode of transport has revived and increased steadily. Piracy is now threatening this trade especially in the horn of Africa where pirates operating from Somalia have perfected the art of hijacking ships. Since sea transport is very important for all of us, there is a need to compute just how much piracy costs the trade instead of dealing with mere estimates. Organizations have tried doing some research aimed at getting the most reliable estimates but the hugest challenge has been gathering o f reliable data owing to logistical challenges. There are a variety of scholars that have done an analysis of the costs of the maritime trade. However, they have not looked at both sides of the coin. The most commonly computed cost of piracy in maritime trade is the cost of the cargo that is lost together with the ransom fees that are paid t the captors I order to release the crew and the ships. However, there are many other costs involved that need to be considered as well. This paper will start by looking at the primary effects of maritime piracy but it will also go a step further and discuss the other secondary effects of maritime piracy that have been largely ignored by many people. Past initiatives There have been some initiatives in the recent past that were geared at trying to compute the cost of piracy on maritime trade. The most notable of these are Peter Chalk’s RAND institute in collaboration with the International Maritime Bureau which together put a rough estimat e in the range of one to six billion dollars per annum (Chalk, 12; Rosenberg, 222). However, most of the studies have concentrated on the first order costs of piracy namely, the ransoms that have to be paid to free the captives, security mechanisms that have to be beefed and the increased naval costs. However, there are not many that have considered the secondary costs which could be even higher, Secondary costs of piracy includes the inflation on commodity prices as well as the international investment in regional economies among others. The bottle necks in computing the real cost According to a recent actuarial scientific study on maritime trade and piracy, the challenge to the actuaries involved in pricing maritime insurance products is considerable†¦information about the attacks issued by shipping owners is often vague. Understandably, shipping owners don’

Detection of Phenylbutazone in Race Horses

Detection of Phenylbutazone in Race Horses Forensic Bio analysis Detection of Phenylbutazone in Race Horses Phenylbutazone (C19H20N2O2 see figure 1 below) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Bute as it is more commonly known, is widely used for the treatment of bone, joint and soft tissue inflammation in horses. It was used in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis in humans, but after serious issues and side effects was withdrawn. The main metabolites of Phenylbutazone (PBZ) are Oxyphenbutazone (OPBZ) and Hydroxyphenbutazone (HPBZ). As with most drugs Phenylbutazone has legal uses and also illegal uses. Despite Bute’s significant and anti-inflammatory effects, it has the capacity to affect racing performance in racehorses. The various racing regulatory bodies have varying permitted limits in pre and post-race samples, as they respect the need to discriminate between doping and the genuine therapeutic use of the drug. Figure 1. As such the need for stringent and accurate testing is crucial. There are various methods of testing and it is dependent upon the sample type which is best to use. Sampling in itself has issues blood tests are very invasive, but on the other hand gaining a urine sample is very awkward and hazard prone. Pharmacokinetics According to (Chay et al., 1984), (Lees, Maitho and Taylor, 1985; Maitho, Lees and Taylor, 1986), (Smith et al., 1987), (Landuyt, Delbeke and Debackere, 1993), the bioavailability of PBZ is in the range of 60% 91%. However it should also be noted that these studies showed variations in the rate of absorption between and within horses.(Gerring, Lees and Taylor, 1981) and (Maitho, Lees and Taylor, 1986), also showed that the rate of absorption is dependent on whether or not the horse has been fed. When food has been withheld from the treated horse for between 3 and 4 hours, before and after being dosed with PBZ, the maximum concentration in plasma according to (Maitho, Lees and Taylor, 1986), occurs at 4 to 6 hours. If the horse as constant access to fed, there is a small initial peak in in plasma concentration after 1 to 2 hours. This is then followed by a much larger absorption phase from 10 to 24 hours, which gives it a Tmax (amount of time that a drug is present at the maximum concentration in serum) of 12 to 14 hours. (Lees et al., 1986), explain that the distribution of PBZ from plasma to interstitial and trans-cellular fluids is limited, with the distribution volume being small 0.1 0.3 L/kg. Even though distribution is limited, it reaches sites of acute inflammation easily; this may be accountable to increased blood flow in the area and increased capillary permeability. (Rowland and Tozer, 2005), indicate that the distribution of the drug bound to plasma protein, in plasma, in extracellular fluid and in the rest of the body can be predicted. This is done by taking into account the fu (free fraction in plasma). In horses, the fu is 2% and the volume of distribution 0.17 L/kg. Using these figures Rowland and Tower, 2009 predicted that 29.4% of PBZ in the horses’ body will be in the plasma, 45.5% being present in the extracellular fluid and only 25% in the remainder of the body. Elimination of PBZ is principally dependant on hepatic metabolism. (Authie et al., 2010), showed that in test exercise conditions hepatic clearance became significantly decreased. (Authie et al., 2010), showed that renal clearance contributed to PBZ elimination. They found that elimination was shown to be similar at rest, 11.2% and at exercise, 12.9%. PBZ is lipophilic molecule, as such some of the drug is subsequently reabsorbed. As a result of this the urine, plasma concentration ratio in horses is low at around 2:1, (Gerring, Lees and Taylor, 1981). Analytical Methods HPLC (Grippa et al., 2000a) used HPLC (Reversed phase) to determine the presence and quantity of PBZ in equine serum. The serum was mixed with an internal standard, evaporated, re-suspended and then analysed, using a C-18 column which had been calibrated using acetonitrile/water/trifluoroacetic acid. The (Grippa et al., 2000a) method had a LOQ (limit of quantification) of 0.5 µg/ml and a LOD (limit of detection) 0.5 µg/ml. This method is only for the determination of the presence of PBZ. The only detector mentioned is a UV monitor which would simply say if it was present but not in what quantity it was is present. If an MS (mass spectrometer) was attached however, the PBZ could be quantified as well. There are however disadvantages to HPLC-MS and these are mainly associated with the MS. The molecular weight is not sufficient for identification and fragmentation is required. This can be achieved using MS-MS instruments such as triple Quadra-pole or ion trap. It can however only analyse volatile components The MS-MS works in two stages. The 1st stage MS isolates ion of interest and fragments and the 2nd stage produces mass spectrum of fragments. Electrochemical-based sensing coupled to selective extraction with molecularly imprinted polymers (MISPE) (Meucci et al., 2013), developed a new analytical method for detecting and quantifying PBZ in equine plasma. The technique is based on electrochemical sensing, they used disposable graphite based screen printed electrodes and DPVs (differential pulse voltammetry) for detection after the sample has gone through the MISPE (molecular imprinted solid phase extraction) procedure. Liquid Chromatography Electro-Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (LC–ESI-MS) can also be used as a detection method after elution from the MISPE (Harun, Anderson and Cormack, 2010). The accuracy of the (Meucci et al., 2013) method was shown to be more than 94% at 3 different concentrations. The LOQ (limit of quantification) was 0.01 µg/ml and the LOD (limit of detection) was 0.005 µg/ml. There method was validated using HPLC and the correlation of results was found to be r2 >0.999. This is a new method and with a new method comes criticism and the need to iron out the little flaws etc. This method has however been validated in comparison with HPLC. GC-MS (Gonzalez et al., 1996) method uses GC-MS to detect the presence of PBZ and OPBZ in equine plasma. Samples were prepared using an internal standard and the pH was adjusted to between 2 and 3. After missing and centrifugation, separated and evaporated to then undergo derivatisation. Helium was used as the carrier gas and the column was fused-silica cross-linked with methyl-silicone. The temperature of the detector and injector port was at a constant 280 °C, whereas the oven temperature was increased from 100 °C to 200 °C and then onto 300 °C. The LOD (limit of detection) for PBZ was 10ng/ml and for OPBZ 25ng/ml. The problems with GC-MS are mainly associated with the GC not the MS, these being that it can only analyse volatile components and most controlled substances i.e. drugs have to be derivatised prior to analysis. ELISA Elisa screening for drugs is a particularly sensitive and quick way of identifying if a drug is present. Due to the sensitivity of immunoassay screening, ELISA is usually used as a kind of ‘presumptive’ test before going ahead with the more expensive methods. Randox life sciences have developed an ELISA specifically for Phenylbutazone and Oxyphenbutazone (Kwiatkowski et al., 1989). It has an LOD of 2.01ng/ml and a calibration range of 0-90 ng/ml. Sample preparation is minimal with only a dilution required before the test can be performed. Preferred Method GC-MS has a better LOD than both HPLC and the MISPE methods, however sample preparation makes this method very laborious. The MISPE methods results were validated using HPLC and the correlation was very promising as a novel alternative to the more traditional HPLC and GC-MS methods. The MISPE method also had better LOQ and LOD than the HPLC method. Initially due to the high sensitivity and relative cheapness of the test I would first perform an ELISA to confirm the presence, provided enough sample was present. Providing a ‘presumptive’ positive had been gained, the preferred analytical method to detect PBZ in horse blood samples would then be the MISPE, (with Electrochemical-based sensing coupled to selective extraction with molecularly imprinted polymers method). Because it outranks even the gold standard techniques for ease of use and results gained. Internal standards An internal standard is a chemical substance which is added in a constant, consistent amount to the samples to be analyzed, the blank and calibration standards used in any given analysis. This substance is then used for calibration purposes by plotting the ratio of the signal of the analyte to the internal standard signal. This done in order to correct the loss of analyte, which occurs during sample preparation or at the point of inlet. (Grippa et al., 2000b) Used probenecid as the internal standard when looking for Phenylbutazone through HPLC analysis. However, no internal standard information was available for the internal standard used in the MISPE method. The internal standard is a very similar compound, but not identical to the analyte of interest in the samples. The internal standard should the then be affected in the same way during sample preparation etc. as the analyte of interest. Validation Method validation by HPLC analysis Method validation is the process of proving that an analytical method is acceptable for its intended purpose. Specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, range, limit of detection, limit of quantification and robustness are all guidelines for validation. The electrochemical-based sensing method was compared with HPLC reference analysis in order to validate the method. The PBZ content of various spiked equine samples was tested using the two methods after the sample had been extracted using the MISPE procedure. The study’s findings with voltammetry-based sensing showed very good agreement with results obtained by HPLC analysis. Statistical tests on the data at the 95% significance level generated a correlation line with the following equation and correlation coefficient: y = 0.9997  ± 0.0043x + 0.00072  ± 0.012, r2 = 0.9998 for PBZ This showed an excellent correlation between the new developed method and the reference gold standard HPLC analysis. Therefore the proposed DPV-based method coupled to MISPE was shown to be very suitable for the quantitative analysis of PBZ in equine plasma. Linearity, LOQ/LOD and Accuracy and Precision Linearity Linearity is the sample concentration range where analyte response is linearly proportional to the concentration. The study performed a linearity test calibration curve with PBZ using standard solutions and the measurements were repeated nine times. The study’s criteria for r2 and g were r2 ≠¥ 0.99 and g≠¤10%. The regression lines were found to have the following equation: y = 0.04x + 0.01, r2 = 0.99 and g 3.7% for PBZ. Accuracy and precision Precision is the amount of scatter in results taken from multiple analysis. Accuracy is the Closeness of measured value to true answer. The precision of the study’s method was checked using replicates, 10 were performed on freshly prepared 0.5 g/ml solutions of PBZ. There were two types of precision and accuracy were assessed, within-day precision and accuracy and between-day. The within-day samples were assessed using blank plasma samples spiked with PBZ at 0.05 g/ml, 0.5 g/ml and 10 g/. These were extracted using the MISPE-procedure and analyse took place on the same day. Between-day samples were assessed using the same samples as the within-day tests. The acceptance criteria for accuracy were −20% to +10% of the theoretical concentration. The study found that the accuracy of the estimated PBZ concentration was more than 94% at three concentrations used as quality control samples. The precision expressed as inter-day coefficient of variation ranged from 2.6% to 6.5% and the intra-day CV% ranged from 1.5% to 5.0%. The coefficients of variation of 10 replicate analyses on freshly prepared 0.5 g/ml solutions were 1.5% for PBZ. LOQ and LOD The sensitivity of the method was shown as the limit of quantification. This limit was set at 10 times the standard deviation of the intercepts divided by the slope of the calibration curve. The limit of detection was set at 3.3 times the standard deviation of the intercepts divided by the slope of the calibration curve. The LOQ and LOD for PBZ was 0.01g/ml. This study found that the LOQ using this novel method are lower than those obtained with HPLC had a LOQ of 0.5 g/ml and GC/MS had a LOQ of 0.05 g/ml in analyses. The presented results compared favourably with those obtained with LC/MS/MS, which had a LOQ of 0.01 g/ml during analysis. Conclusion The comparison to all the known ‘Gold standard’ methods showed this method to be more sensitive and less expensive, both in terms of analysis time and instrumentation costs. References Authie, E. C., Garcia, P., Popot, M. A., Toutain, P. L., and Doucet, M. (2010) Effect of an endurance-like exercise on the disposition and detection time of phenylbutazone and dexamethasone in the horse: application to medication control. Equine Vet J. Vol.42(3), pp.240-7. Chay, S., Woods, W. E., Nugent, T. E., Weckman, T., Houston, T., Sprinkle, F., Blake, J. W., Tobin, T., Soma, L. R., Yocum, J., and et al. (1984) Population distributions of phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone after oral and i.v. dosing in horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. Vol.7(4), pp.265-76. Gerring, E. L., Lees, P., and Taylor, J. B. (1981) Pharmacokinetics of phenylbutazone and its metabolites in the horse. Equine Vet J. Vol.13(3), pp.152-7. Gonzalez, G., Ventura, R., Smith, A. K., de la Torre, R., and Segura, J. (1996) Detection of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in equine plasma and urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. Vol.719(1), pp.251-64. Grippa, E., Santini, L., Castellano, G., Gatto, M. T., Leone, M. G., and Saso, L. (2000a) Simultaneous determination of hydrocortisone, dexamethasone, indomethacin, phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone in equine serum by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. Vol.738(1), pp.17-25. Grippa, E., Santini, L., Castellano, G., Gatto, M. T., Leone, M. G., and Saso, L. (2000b) Simultaneous determination of hydrocortisone, dexamethasone, indomethacin, phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone in equine serum by high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications. Vol.738(1), pp.17-25. Harun, N., Anderson, R. A., and Cormack, P. A. (2010) Analysis of ketamine and norketamine in hair samples using molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction (MISPE) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Anal Bioanal Chem. Vol.396(7), pp.2449-59. Kwiatkowski, S., Goodman, J. P., Stanley, S. D., Tai, C. L., Yang, J. M., Wood, T., Sturma, L., Woods, W. E., Tian, Z. G., Bertram, S., Tai, H. H., Weckman, T. J., Chang, S. L., Blake, J. W., Watt, D. S., Tobin, T., Mcdonald, J., Wie, S., Chung, R. A., Brecht, J. M., Conner, J. C., Dahl, P. A., Lewis, E. L., Prange, C. A., and Uboh, C. E. (1989) Immunoassay Detection of Drugs in Racing Horses .10. Detection of Phenylbutazone in Equine Blood and Urine by Particle Concentration Fluoroimmunoassay and Elisa. Research Communications in Substances of Abuse. Vol.10(2), pp.123-139. Landuyt, J., Delbeke, F. T., and Debackere, M. (1993) The intramuscular bioavailability of a phenylbutazone preparation in the horse. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. Vol.16(4), pp.494-500. Lees, P., Maitho, T. E., and Taylor, J. B. (1985) Pharmacokinetics of phenylbutazone in two age groups of ponies: a preliminary study. Vet Rec. Vol.116(9), pp.229-32. Lees, P., Taylor, J. B., Higgins, A. J., and Sharma, S. C. (1986) Phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone distribution into tissue fluids in the horse. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. Vol.9(2), pp.204-12. Maitho, T. E., Lees, P., and Taylor, J. B. (1986) Absorption and pharmacokinetics of phenylbutazone in Welsh Mountain ponies. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. Vol.9(1), pp.26-39. Meucci, V., Vanni, M., Sgorbini, M., Odore, R., Minunni, M., and Intorre, L. (2013) Determination of phenylbutazone and flunixin meglumine in equine plasma by electrochemical-based sensing coupled to selective extraction with molecularly imprinted polymers. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. Vol.179 pp.226-231. Rowland, M., and Tozer, T. N. (2005) Clinical pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Smith, P. B., Caldwell, J., Smith, R. L., Horner, M. W., and Moss, M. S. (1987) The bioavailability of phenylbutazone in the horse. Xenobiotica. Vol.17(4), pp.435-43. B00222603Forensic Bio-analysisPage 1

Disabled Clients Are Fellow Citizens? Essay -- essays research papers

Disabled clients are fellow citizens? Developments in the Disabled Peoples Movement have brought disability to the fore as a civil rights issue in Britain. Growing numbers of politically active disabled people have generated an awareness of how their rights as citizens are denied by discrimination and oppression. Out of this has emerged the concept of `independent living'. A philosophy encompassing the full range of human and civil rights necessary for disabled people to be equal members of society. Underpinning this are four key beliefs: that all human life is of value; that anyone, whatever their impairment, is capable of exerting choices; that people who are disabled by society's reaction to physical, intellectual and sensory impairment and to emotional distress have the right to exert control over their lives; that disabled people have the right to participate fully in society (Morris, 1993:21) The focus of this essay is the potential conflict between this philosophy and the policies and practices of social work. In particular, contrasting interpretations of the client/social work relationship will be examined with regard to their capacity to foster these ideals. There is ample evidence that disabled people are poorly housed, less well educated and generally receive less in the way of life-enhancing opportunities when compared to their non-impaired peers (Finklestein (1991). For example, they are four times as likely as non-impaired people to be unemployed, while those who do work receive wages on average 20% lower (RADAR, 1994). Most disabled people, therefore, rely on benefits. Furthermore, those benefits fail to allow for the extra expenses incurred as a result of disability (Cohen, 1996; Thompson, 1996). Thus it is poverty and poor quality of life resulting from discrimination which creates the need for social work intervention. Becoming a client, Davies (1981) suggests, is seen as a `sign of having given up' and as `a mark not only of failure but of shame' (p. 35). This not only further marginalises disabled people from mainstream society, i.e. separates those who are "clients" from those who are not. It also, according to Barton (1993), maintains a.. Cul... ...nd peach, H (eds) (1989):"Disablement in The Community"; Oxford University, Oxford. Payne, M (1991):"Modern Social Work Theory: A Critical Introduction"; Macmillan, London. Smalley, R (1970):"The Functional Approach To Casework Practice"; in Roberts, R., and Nee, R (eds) (1970):"Theories of Social Casework"; University of Chicago Press, London. Thompson, N (1993):"Anti-Discriminatory Practice"; Macmillan, London. Journals. Barton, L (1993):"The Struggle For Citizenship:The Case of Disabled People"; in Disability, Handicap and Society, Vol. 8(3), p 235-248. Cohen, R (1996):"The Poverty Trap"; in Community Care, p 26-27, 1-7 August. George, M (1996):"Figure it Out"; in Community Care, pullout feature, August 1-7. Morris, J (1996):"Where to Now?"; in Community Care, p 25, Sept 26-Oct 2. Oliver, M (1989a) Book Review of Hunter (1988) in Disability, Handicap and Society, Vol. 4(1). Royal Association for Disability and Rehabilitation (1994):"Unemployment" in Donellan, C (ed) (1994). Thompson, A (1996):"The Fight For Rights"; in Community Care, P 14-15, 18-24 July.