Lord of the flies essay -- essays research papers

Lord of the Flies ProjectBreakdowns in society result when people avoid their responsibilities to the community to pursue their own ends. This seems entirely straightforward. For example, in Lord of the Flies most of the kids decide going around hunting and not worrying about anything else is what is important, and eventually turn into savages. This could also be true if the people of a farming community started becoming lazy and stopped caring for their crops and animals. Or, in the military, if the all the leaders just stopped giving orders. leastwise you want to put it, if people dont do whats required of them, the world around them crumbles.In William Goldings Lord of the Flies a group of boys get stranded on a desert island after their plane was shot down. Two of the boys, Ralph and Piggy know that to survive they must reinforced shelters, collect food, and try to expose a way to signal any planes or ships that might pass by. Unfortunately, the choir (hunters) and their lea der, Jack, feel that they must be hunting more than anything. Because Jack gathered all the hunters at once for their first successful hunt, their signal fire goes out. As tensions rise high, Ralph and Piggy soon find themselves outnumbered by the hunters, and their followers, who joined due to promises of freedom, to play whenever they want. Because the hunters neglect their responsibilities of making shelter and whatnot, their society crumbles. Th...

The Legend of the Goatman Essay example -- Urban Legends

GoatmanThe story I collected, entitled Goatman, was recounted by a 19 year old male sopho more at the University. The person who told the story is a white male whose father is an engineer and mother stays at home. After I inquired if he knew of any local urban legends, he first told the story of Hell House and as we both live in Ellicott City and have never actually seen this mysterious building, we decided to pay it a visit. It was a foggy night on March 21st during our grooms spring break as we slowly cruised through the back roads near the Howard and Baltimore county line. When he told me the story before we left I was not particularly nervous however, the eerie settings added a hint of fear into the air. Unfortunately, after a long search, we were unable to locate the house and decided to return home. On our trip back he recounted another story that he had heard from a friend a few months ago, which I thought was even more exciting. The urban legend is known as Goatman a nd took place in northern Prince Georges County, the same county that University is located inRumor has it that back in the primaeval 1970s, a scientist working at an agricultural research center in central Maryland was performing an experiment with arses when something went terribly wrong. He was doing tests on manipulations of goat DNA, when one of the subjects attacked and bit him. When the saliva from the goat entered the scientists bloodstream he immediately began undergoing changes from the goats DNA combining with his own. The man began to morph into a half-man, half-goat creature and escaped the lab into the nearby surrounding woods. Following this incident there have been eye-witness accounts of Goatman causing havoc aro... ... The story uses scare tactics to admonish premarital sex by adolescents, and also demonstrates societys stereotype of women as in need of protection. The story may evolve to change everyplace time, but the message the legend carries will mos t likely carry down from generation to generation just as the Goatman legend has for many years. industrial plant CitedGoatman (Cryptozoology). AllExperts. 27 March 2007. http//en.allexperts.com/e/g/go/goatman_(cryptozoology).htm.Goatman (Maryland). Wikipedia. 31 March 2007. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goatman_%28Maryland%29.Lawson, John. The Goatman Legend of Prince Georges County. ESortment. 2002. 1 April 2007. http//azaz.essortment.com/goatmanlegend_rhcn.htm.Livingston, William L. Jr. GoatMan Hollow...the Legend. GoatMan Hollow. 30 March 2007. http//www.goatmanhollow.com/the_legend/the_goatman_legend_1.html.

Condoms Essay -- Sex Protection Condoms Descriptive Process Essays

CondomsThe word condom is probably derived from Latin condus meaning receptacle. Another news report is that the gut condom was invented by the English army relate Colonel Quondam in around 1645 and that the word is a corruption of his name. We do not recognize who invented condoms, but we do know that they were in use. There is evidence of this in the writings of Marquis de Sade, Casanova and James Boswell. The latter, a Scottish lawyer and writer, protected himself against sexually transmitted diseases by using a linen condom. During a visit to an Amsterdam brothel in 1764, he drank with a prostitute, but the encounter went no further as hed left his armour behind. When visiting a brothel in Marseilles, Casanova tried so-called English raincoats, and spoke of reaching great heights.The oldest good example of a condom was found in Egypt and dates back more than 3,000 years. It is difficult to judge from the drawing what the ancient Egyptian wearing the condom had in mind. He may have worn it for sexual or ritual reasons-or both. Some claim that, in later times, the Romans made condoms from the muscle tissue of warriors they defeated in battle. The oldest condoms were discovered in the foundations of Dudley Castle near Birmingham, England. They were made of fish and animal intestine and dated back to 1640. They were probably used to prevent transmission of sexually transmitted infections during the war between the forces of Oliver Cromwell and soldiers loyal to King Charles I.Ancient TimesThroughout the ages people have tried to find ways of preventing conception and genital diseases. Obvious methods, such as withdrawal, the rhythm method, douches, and sponges were used, as were various predecessors of todays condom. In ancient Egypt, a linen sheath was used as protection against troublesome insects and tropical diseases. The Chinese tried to prevent infection by wrapping oiled silk paper around the penis, and the Japanese had leather and tortoiseshell shea ths. The Romans used tampons that had been souse in herbs and condoms made of goats bladders.Middle AgesThe history of condoms in Europe begins in the sixteenth century, when the venereal disease syphilis reached epidemic proportions. In 1564, the Italian doctor Gabriel Falloppio wrote in the book Morbo Gallico, that a linen bag drenched in a solution of salt or herbs formed a ... ...ave a mixing of condoms, which will please even the most discriminating tastes. You may even like the taste of flavored latex paint paint more than the real thingSome alternatives to the alveolar damDental dams offer a unique kind of problem. Many people do not like to use dental dams because they like to get the tongue to clitoris or tongue to anus stimulation. Along with dental dams, you can employ some other stimulation to complete the experience. Wear a latex glove covered in lubricant to further tease your partners anus or vagina. If dental dams argon becoming a problem because you are tired o f memory something on your partner, you can use plastic wrap and wrap it around the vagina and/or anus. While cellophane is not as good protection as latex (and should never be used instead of condoms), using it will keep the hands free to use elsewhere. Use lubricant inside and outside the condom. (Many condoms are pre-lubricated.) Lubrication helps prevent rips and tears, and it increases sensitivity. Use only water-based lubricants, such as K-Y jelly or LUVE, with latex condoms. Oil-based lubricants like petroleum jelly, cold cream, butter, or mineral and vegetable oils disparage latex.

Standardized Testing Essay -- Standardized Testing Essays

Standardized Testing The purposes of regularise tests are to instruct decision making, establish platform eligibility, evaluate hang goals, evaluate program goals, and figure external curriculum. When a teacher gives and assesses a standardized test, they gain information about their students that helps them realize what concepts they have learned according to the agenda for the subject at hand. If the assessment is performed in a sensible amount of time and given according to the directions, this purpose should be fulfilled however, it is a common belief that standardized tests do not work well in establishing where a student stands in a specific curriculum. The test uses a general curriculum that is the base for the tests but the schools giving the tests may not have the same curriculum as the test itself assumes. (Costa and Kallick, 1995)The second purpose of standardized testing is to establish program eligibility. The standardized tests allow teachers to view the areas where students may need help or where they may excel. However, standardized tests which allow teachers to view this type of information are not performed each year. This has a great affect on whether or not the information is completely accurate. Many students may need assistance but do not come up any because of the scores of their tests. Many students who are behind continue to remain that way until they are far enough behind to receive this assistance while other students continue to excel and are potentially bored as they review information they already know and understand. (Costa and Kallick, 1995)Thirdly, the evaluation of course goals is important. Standardized tests should allow educators to be able to assess whether or not ... ...eb on April 25, 2003 from ERIC Database. Miller, M.D. & Linn, R.L. (2000). Validation of Performance-Based Tests. Applied Psychological Measurement. Vol. 24, Issue 4, p. 367, 12p. Retrieved from the web on April 25, 2003 from the academic ian Search Premier Database.Tanner, D.E. (2001). Authentic Assessment A Solution, or Part of the Problem? High School Journal. Vol. 85, Issue 1, p.24-30. Retrieved from the web on March 10, 2003, from EBSCOhost investigate Database. Baker, E.L. (2001, February). Testing and Assessment A Progress Report. nurtureal Assessment. p.1, 12p. Retrieved from the web on April 28, 2003 from the Academic Search Elite Database. Linn, R.L. (2001, January 1). A Century of Standardized Testing Controversies and Pendulum Swings. Education Assessment. p.29-38. Retrieved from the web April 28, 2003 from the Academic Search Elite Database.

Analyzation of Southern Arizona Folk Arts :: Essays Papers

Analyzation of Southern Arizona Folk ArtsTucson, Arizona is a place of warmth and place of desert and most of tout ensemble a place influenced by the traditions of Mexico and its people. It is especially influenced by the Folk Art traditions. But Folk arts what be they? Folk pertains to a subgroups object that fulfills a purpose of their own or for export for society. Art pertains to the aspect of an object that gives pleasure to the constructor of object or to the viewer in some focussing or a nonher. Folk art in some way or another serves the purpose of community. Two principle aspects of folk art are Community, and Tradition. A Folk artists purpose is to show This is who I am It is important to view the folk arts more closely and to analyze how the author of the web testify portrays them to the auditory modality. Two extremely different and non-related folk arts, yet excellent and important representations of the Hispanic culture are low rider vehicles and food. Easy comprehe nsion ,unique organization, and couthie and humorous tone are used to present the folk arts. The author also uses ethos and pathos to appeal to the stateer and portray the Hispanic culture better. These simulated military operation are all used to provide an in general anatomyal atmosphere. The author, Dr. James S. Griffith, uses an informal style in representing these two folk arts to better portray to the audience the Hispanic culture.The author to be informal, and show the Hispanic culture makes his essay on Mexican food easily comprehensible. Because this essay is done informally readers are able to connect with paper and believe its contents more easily. The author does not try to sound too educated and push people form wanting to read it. . This text is obviously intended for the general audience. Its easy comprehension explains this. For example, the first sentence says that, Mexican food is wonderful, fascinating stuff. One would not put this in a world magazine or time m agazine because the language is not as advanced for such the educated readers that read Time magazine. Also the language is not advanced yet it is descriptive. For example, the author explains about the Tortilla and its origin. He says tortillas are flat cakes of masa and corn that has been soaked, cooked with lime or ashes, and and then ground. This is very descriptive yet not too overwhelming.

Ministers Black Veil - Poverty in Minister’s Black Veil and in Hawthor

Poverty in The Ministers Black Veil and in Hawthornes Life How soldieryy readers have considered that the utter rest within the Nathaniel Hawthorne short story, The Ministers Black Veil, might be an expression or reflection of the utter poverty within the life of Hawthorne? It is the figure of this essay to clarify this issue. Hawthornes impoverishment probably began with the untimely death of his father, and continued until 1857. He had no money for a college education. Gloria C. Erlich in The Divided artificer and His Uncles states that Robert Manning made the essential decisions in the lives of the Hawthorne children and is well known as the uncle who sent Hawthorne to college (35). After graduation from Bowdoin College Hawthorne spent twelve years in his room at home in an intense effort to make something of himself literarily. The Norton Anthology American Literature states Hawthornes years between 1825 and 1837 have fascinated his biographers and critics. Hawthorne him self took pains to propagate the stamp that he had lived as a hermit who left his upstairs room only for nighttime walks and hardly communicated even with his mother and sisters (547). Sculley Bradley, Richmond Croom Beatty and E. Hudson Long in The Social Criticism of a Public Man consider his poverty a determining influence in his life a young man engrossed in historical study and in learning the writers craft is not notably queer if he does not taste society or marriage, especially if he is poor (47-48). Fame was slow in coming for the author, likewise prosperity. Clarice Swisher in Nathaniel Hawthorne a Biography explains in great pointedness the unfortunate financial uncertainty which ... ... Press, 1996. Erlich, Gloria C. The Divided Artist and His Uncles. In Readings on Nathaniel Hawthorne, edited by Clarice Swisher. San Diego, CA Greenhaven Press, 1996. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. Young Goodman Brown. 1835. http//www.cwrl.utexas.edu/daniel/amlit/goodman/goodmantext.html Ja mes, Henry. Hawthorne. http//eldred.ne.mediaone.net/nh/nhhj1.html Lewis, R. W. B. The Return into Time Hawthorne. In Hawthorne A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by A.N. Kaul. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966. Nathaniel Hawthorne. The Norton Anthology American Literature, edited by Baym et al. New York W.W. Norton and Co., 1995. Swisher, Clarice. Nathaniel Hawthorne a Biography. In Readings on Nathaniel Hawthorne, edited by Clarice Swisher. San Diego, CA Greenhaven Press, 1996.

Ministers Black Veil - Poverty in Minister’s Black Veil and in Hawthor

Poverty in The Ministers Black Veil and in Hawthornes Life How many readers have considered that the utter simplicity in spite of appearance the Nathaniel Hawthorne short story, The Ministers Black Veil, might be an expression or reflection of the utter poverty within the life of Hawthorne? It is the purpose of this turn out to clarify this issue. Hawthornes impoverishment probably began with the untimely death of his father, and continued until 1857. He had no money for a college education. Gloria C. Erlich in The Divided Artist and His Uncles states that Robert Manning do the essential decisions in the lives of the Hawthorne children and is well known as the uncle who sent Hawthorne to college (35). After graduation from Bowdoin College Hawthorne spent twelve years in his room at national in an intense effort to make something of himself literarily. The Norton Anthology American Literature states Hawthornes years between 1825 and 1837 have fascinated his biographers and cr itics. Hawthorne himself took pains to propagate the notion that he had lived as a hermit who left his upstairs room only for nighttime walks and hardly communicated even with his mother and sisters (547). Sculley Bradley, Richmond Croom Beatty and E. Hudson Long in The companionable Criticism of a Public Man consider his poverty a determining influence in his life a young man immerse in historical study and in learning the writers craft is not notably queer if he does not seek ships company or marriage, especially if he is poor (47-48). Fame was slow in coming for the author, likewise prosperity. Clarice Swisher in Nathaniel Hawthorne a Biography explains in great detail the unsuccessful financial uncertainty which ... ... Press, 1996. Erlich, Gloria C. The Divided Artist and His Uncles. In Readings on Nathaniel Hawthorne, edited by Clarice Swisher. San Diego, CA Greenhaven Press, 1996. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. Young Goodman Brown. 1835. http//www.cwrl.utexas.edu/daniel/amlit/ goodman/goodmantext.html James, Henry. Hawthorne. http//eldred.ne.mediaone.net/nh/nhhj1.html Lewis, R. W. B. The Return into Time Hawthorne. In Hawthorne A gathering of Critical Essays, edited by A.N. Kaul. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966. Nathaniel Hawthorne. The Norton Anthology American Literature, edited by Baym et al. New York W.W. Norton and Co., 1995. Swisher, Clarice. Nathaniel Hawthorne a Biography. In Readings on Nathaniel Hawthorne, edited by Clarice Swisher. San Diego, CA Greenhaven Press, 1996.

How the business deals with legal factors Essay

A legal factor that has a big have-to doe with on Tescos is protecting employees which, includes the laws some how many hours an employee house work. This amount of hours depends on the employees contract, if they atomic number 18 a full time member of provide then they have to work between 35-45 hours a week but no more, these hours besides have to be over reasonably shift, for example having a 8 hour shift a daytime over 5 days a week. If they argon a part time member then they can work any amount of hours a week as long as it is no longer the 35 hours. This can impact on Tescos as they have to keep to the impairment and conditions of their contracts with staff , which could affect activates Tescos wish to do as they may not fit in the with hours the members of staff involved can work. Tescos can deal with this by offering willing to work staff overtime shifts, if staff are willing to do this, it means that Tescos doesnt affect to employ any more member which works out be tter for them as if they were to do this, they would then have to find the correct amount of hours hold in the contact which might not be available.Even though some staff maybe willing to work more hours, they may relish that because they are helping out the business that they dont need to be as professional and honest as they are when working their receive scheduled shifts, this article (http//www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/tesco-accused-of-using-electronic-armbands-to-monitor-its-staff-8493952.html)is about how Tescos is trying to deal with this issue. Tescos has come up with this idea of its warehouse and forklift staff wearing electronic bracelets which helps improve the efficiency of it workers as it means they dont have to carry around items such as pen and story as the armband collects this data which also means they are collection correct data. This armband also allows Tescos to monitor their staff to check that they are doing their jobs when expected of them a nd that they are not taking any un-agreed breaks, the arm band also informs the staff of when they are allowed there breaks.This helps Tescos make sure their staff are not working over the hours allowed or working under the hours agreed. A legal factor that impacts Tata motorsis the protection of customers and employees, like all businesses Tata has to keep to legal factors and laws, the need to cut through all of their customers fairly and honestly, this helps customers feel they can trust the business as well as giving the a good reputation. Challenges that Tata face when selling their products are making sure they pass the sales of good act which means they need to describe the product exactly how it is and not say it does something it actually doesnt.It also needs to pass the customer credit act. http//www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/tata-motors-focus-on-customer-satisfaction-to-woo-back-buyers-114111600186_1.html this article explains how they are going out of th eir way to make sure the give there customers the shell service they possibly can. The article states that Tata motor has previously had problems with their customer service. They have taken this feedback and actually work on making it better by change the quality of manufacture and repairs. How the business deal with social factorsA common social factor that affects business is equal rights for both man and female workers and peoples religion. This could impact Tescos as if anyone feels as though they are being judged or unable to do something because of these reasons then they could cause problems for Tescos by making complaints both to their managers or their union. To make sure this doesnt happen Tescos has to make sure that their staff know that everyone treated the same and if there are people applying for a job they cannot turn them away because of these reason, the only way they can do this is if someone is disabled in some way and their disability would cut short them from doing the job required, however if this is the care they have to inform this person that is the reason but in a kind way as not to contuse them.Tescos deal with these possible problem by getting new applicants to have a cv which is what they are judged upon or the job, they then have converse/trial which is so that they are then judged upon their abilities to do the job not on the gender or religious quite a little. Tescos has coped well with this issues as if you are to go into their stores you are clearly able to see a balanced level of both male and female staff, Tescos also considers the religious view and has there store open later and close early on a Sunday as most religions see this a day of rest.

Majestica Hotel In Shanghai Essay

Majestica, a luxury hotel trouble service melodic line began in 1970 in Western Europe. Majestica gradually expand to United Kingdom, United States, northward America, Asia and so on. After a gradual expansion in Asia, Majestica become the worlds largest operators of luxury hotel and resort. Majestica earn by hotel ownership operation and hotel management but last five eld they are concerning to managing hotel. All over the world, owner and developer of luxury hotels are attracted by Majestica because of their excellent quality. Their key success cistron is management pointed to a service culture that they had fostered for decade. Moreover, their service culture is personal service oriented. Majesticas try best to delight their customer by chemical reaction to unusual request of the guest. This unique service culture sounds Majestica to icon in hotel management business in the world. They had two strategies to expand their business those are sleepless to increase number of hot el and resort in their portfolio and operate philosophy.In Asia pacific region Majestica didnt take first moving service because of high price to established new industry and they didnt convince closely political situation stability and existence of service culture. Majestica follow other major multinational luxury hotel chain and enter in Asian market. In 1990, Majestica changed its strategy to enter Asian market because it was the alarming time for them. China becoming the almost competitive hotel industry and chinas economic develop and open door policy leads to china the second largest foreign direct investment pass receiver in the world. Finally, Majestica took the right decision to change strategy and enter in Asias largest competitive hotel business market.China was sixth most popular terminal for business and tourist and would be first positioned by 2020. In 2004, there were 423 hotels with 68000 rooms which expected to increase 11 part by 2005. Shanghai touristry Administrative Commission also forecast that tourist visiting will increase by 5 percent. Mid 1998 international luxury hotel chains took the advantage of changed government policy soon they took place in Shanghai. Shangri-la,Hyatt international etc established and imbued thoroughly Shanghai luxury hotel market.On that time Shanghai was the best stance for Majestica because of market demand, future benefit, resource, competition as well as government policy. While bicycle was publicly listed in Hong Kong gave Majestica more confidence about business transparency and independence from government influence. Majesticas excellent performance and reputation attracted CPS and property owner to invest in Shanghai. As a termination Majestica and CPS signed an intent and start negotiation. The challenging issue was the length of the contract and the control over the management of the hotel.First of all, Majestica wants the agreement for 55 historic period while it was 10 years normal hot el management term in china. So both CPS and Majestica had to change their policy and agreed to 30 years operation period with a option to extend operation period. Secondly, Majestica expect to design and construct by their senior people while CPS interpose to take decision. Than Majestica convince CPS that it is important to take senior people to keep chain of consistency of a world class luxury hotel construction. Selecting the abduce of the hotel, Majestica dont want to compromise. Then, Majestica want experienced person as general manager who will accountable for over all operation. CPS wants a Chinese person to be a general manager though there was not any enough experience Chinese person.Then about expatriates, CPS wishes Majestica to train the local employees and eventually use them to replace the expatriates. Then CPS requested to Majestica to take a Deputy General Manager. In negotiation, CPS suggested to Majestica for purchasing all necessity from the local market. Majes tica disagreed to CPS for allowing access to hotel rooms because of confusion. Finally, Majestica want to appoint a third party to resolve any school but CPS didnt agree to interfere of a third from outside China. For foreign investment law of China Majestica had to take 25 percent equity by the Majestica had to change the upper limit minority investment policy.To increase the market share Majestica should relax its operating philosophy and take the prospect to grave the leadership position in hotel industryin the world. If Majestica could change their philosophy and business practice than not only china but it could lead whole world and become global. To take this position Majestica need to change their management policy, market segmentation, human resource policy and aggressive expansion of hotel operating business.

Ankle Sprains And Injuries Health And Social Care Essay

Ankle is a complex articulation which is categorized as a flexible vocalise word.It is one of the of import part for ambulation in humans.Ankle convolutes are one of the commonest hurts in athletics.It histories for 20 % of all athleticss hurts ( Bergfeld J 2004 ) .In India, incidence rate of mortise pronounce release histories for 0.31 % of the population ( Statistics for articulatio talocruralis sprain 2003 ) .The opportunities of re-injury is seen senior senior high as 78-80 % despite the continued research in this field.The pathomechanics for mortise joint joint everting hurt is everting and plantar seam of the mortise joint joint.There is dismission of scope which is attributed to trouble and swelling ( Denegar CR et Al 2002 ) , ( Collins et Al 2004 ) .Talocrural articulation is primary responsible for the dorsiflexion and plantar flexure motion.The conventional intervention for bully mortise joint sprain is RICE ( remainder, ice, compaction, lift ) .The conven tional intervention with proto(prenominal) gesture is suggested to be more effectual for bettering hurting, swelling and mobility ( dettori et Al 1994 ) .This shows that the opportunities of re-injury is high because of the ineffectualness of conventional intervention for handling the positional disfunction caused due to acute ankle inversion hurt which makes the joint for susceptible to injury ( Denegar et al,1994 ) . manual(a) Therapy focal point on the rectification of the postural and motion disfunction due to ankle sprain This method of intercession includes Maitland classs of mobilization, it is stated that Maitland classs of militarization improves the ankle dorsiflexion ( green T et Al 2001 ) . .mulligan s militarisation with motion technique is stated to be effectual in cut downing hurting and improves dorsiflexion of ankle articulation ( Collins et Al 2004 ) . This survey was conducted on topics with subacute mortise joint sprain. The surveies through on Mulligan s mobilisation with motion technique in acute mortise joint sprain are really rare one of the survey done is the consequence of Mulligan s mobilisation with motion for the intervention of acute asquint mortise joint sprain ( T O Brien, B.Vincenzino 1998 ) .The survey showed betterment in scope of gesture and functional result and decrease in hurting. However the design of this survey was individual instance survey design taking to limits of generalisation of its findings consequence of Mulligan s mobilisation with motion technique on temporal and spacial parametric quantities of pace showed restrictions in survey design, sample design and statistical analysis ( John-Mark Chesney, Erin Morris )The take for survey arises due to the restriction of the old surveies done on the intervention of acute mortise joint sprain y Mulligan s mobilisation technique with motion. Hence the purpose of the survey is to happen the consequence of Mulligan s anterior-to-posterior talar mobilisation wi th motion technique in acute ankle inversion sprain and compare the consequences with consequence of Maitland classs of mobilisation for intervention of acute ankle inversion sprain.Reappraisal of literature.The reappraisal of literature focal points on following subjects.1. public figure of mortise joint and pathomechanics of inversion hurts.2. Hazard factors of hurt.3. Conventional Management of mortise joint sprain.4. Manual therapy to ankle inversion sprain.Anatomy of mortise joint and Pathomechanics of ankle hurts.Ankle articulation is a complex articulation due to its articles, ligamentous and sinewy anatomy. The anterior talofibular ligament restricts anterior interlingual rendition and internal rotary motion of talus at bottom the mortice. The conjugate gesture during plantar flexure happens as internal rotary motion and anterior interlingual rendition of scree aided by deltoid ligament. The calcaneofibular ligament restricts inversion of the talocrural and subtalar articu lation. The posterior talofibular ligament restricts inversion and internal rotary motion after calcaneofibular ligament and anterior talofibular ligament undergo hurt.Konradsen and Voight ( 2002 ) quoted that an inversion torsion was produced on lading a cadaverous leg, when the drop pes was positioned in 30 degree inversion, full plantar flexure and 10 degree internal tibial rotary motion. They besides stated that get with 20 grade upside-down pes in swing stage follow through forced the pes into full bound of inversion, plantar flexure and internal tibial rotary motion.Denegar CR et Al ( 2002 ) stated that in normal biomechanics the instantaneous axis of rotary motion of talocrural articulation translates posteriorly during dorsiflexion, but in anterior malaligned scree or with restricted posterior talar semivowel the axis of rotary motion is shifted anteriorly taking to joint disfunction.Hazard factors of hurt miscellaneous hazard factors, both intrinsic and extrinsic have been attributed to predispose to inversion hurt and re-injury.Baumhauer JF et Al ( 1995 ) stated that intrinsic factors like old history of sprain, hold in scope of gesture and decreased dorsiflexor and plantar flexor strength ratio, elevated eversion to inversion ratio have been attributed to predisposing to inversion hurt.Eren OT et al 92003 ) stated that high malleolar index ( posteriorly positioned calf bone ) is attributed to predispose to twist. Average malleolar index was +11.5 grade in topics with ankle sprain and +5.85 degree in normal controls.Conventional agency of mortise joint sprain.The conventional direction of mortise joint sprain is initiated to RICE in acute phase of injury functional intervention processs with early induction of weight bearing as tolerated, early mobilisation, proprioceptive preparation, balance preparation has been advocated to supply early functional rehabilitation to topics.The direction of sprain togged up ores on inactive and dynamic stablenes s, deriving normal ankle scope of gesture, optimum strength of peroneal, dorsiflexor, plantar flexor, invertor musculuss of mortise joint, retraining mortise joint outline ( Bahr R, 2004 ) Bruce Beynnon B et Al, 2004 )Kerkhoffs et al 2002 ) stated that functional intervention is superior to immobilisation and surgical intercession in countries of hurting on activity, quality of public debut on return to sport/work, objectives instability on x-ray positions and patient satisfaction.Manual therapy in ankle inversion sprain.Green et Al ( 2001 ) conducted a randomised controlled test of a inactive accoutrement joint mobilisation on acute ankle inversion sprains.38 topics with acute mortise joint sprain ( & A lt 72 hours ) were indiscriminately assigned to command ( RICE ) or AP mobilisation plus RICE. All had home plan.Treatment every 2 yearss for supreme 2 hebdomads was given.Consequences showed dorsiflexion is proved earlier in intervention group ( 11 grade compared to 6 grade f rom baseline to intervention 2 ) .This showed that talar anterior-posterior semivowel speeds up recovery rate.Collins N et Al ( 2004 ) conducted a double-blind randomized controlled test which incorporated perennial steps into cross over design.14 topics with grade II mortise joint sprain ( 40 +/- 24 yearss old )Dorsiflexion in weight bearing, thermic hurting threshold were calculated.3 intervention status.Mulligan s mobilisation with motion for dorsiflexion.PlaceboNo- intervention control were studied.The consequences showed that talar anterior-posterior semivowel speeds up recovery rate in intervention with Mulligan s mobilisation with motion.The survey conducted was done on topics with subacute mortise joint sprain merely.T OBrien, B. Vincenzino ( 1998 ) conducted individual instance survey to look into the effects of motion intervention technique for sidelong mortise joint sprain.The technique was the posterior semivowel to distal fibular while patient actively inverted the mort ise joint.Outcome steps usedlimited Kaikkonen trial.Scope of Dorsiflexion and InversionVAS for hurting and maps.Two topics with acute mortise joint sprain were used to command for natural declaration of mortise joint sprain.Capable I underwent ABAC protocol while capable II BABC protocol where A-no intervention stage, B-treatment stage, C-post intervention return to feature stage.Consequences showed the immediate effects of Mulligan mobilisation with motion technique on acute sidelong sprain.Rapid betterment of ROM ( inversion and Dorsiflexion ) immediate lessening in hurting.RestrictionsThe survey design leads to restriction of generalisation of its findings.Therefore, from above surveies we can deduce that Mulligan s mobilisation with motion technique has a ensuing consequence on mortise joint sprain.The above surveies besides suggest the immediate effects of Mulligan s mobilisation with motion technique in intervention of mortise joint sprain. However, a few surveies have been co nducted for the consequence of this technique on acute mortise joint sprain and the surveies which are done on ague mortise joint sprain have restriction in signifier of survey design, samples size, statistical analysis.The rudimentss of those findings consequence of Mulligan s mobilisation with motion technique should be investigated in topics with acute mortise joint sprain.Research Proposal QuestionDoes Mulligan s anterior-to-posterior talar semivowel improves the dorsiflexion in topics with acute ankle inversion sprain.Alternate hypothesis.Mulligan s anterior-to-posterior talar semivowel improves dorsiflexion in topics with acute ankle inversion sprain.Null hypothesisMulligan s anterior-to-posterior talar semivowel does non better dorsiflexion in topics with acute ankle inversion sprain.

Electricity and Economy in Kenya Essay

ICT has been the main driver of Kenyas economic proceeds over the last decade, growing on average by 20 % annually, and propulsive the combined transport and communications sector into the economys second largest after agriculture. In chapter three I have discussed the impact of electricity on key economic sectors in Kenya which are agriculture, educational services, banking and communication services, microenterprises and tourism all of which are key pillars of Kenya Vision 2030. It costs approximately Ksh. 5,000 to connect to the power grid and about 15 US cents equivalent per kWh of electricity service. This high cost is a major obstacle to the expansion of electricity connection to low-income households. Chapter 1 world 1. 1 Overview and statement of the problem Broad agreement exists that the level and the intensity of energy use in a country is a key forefinger of economic growth and development. A number of researchers claim that for modern energy to make a difference on p overty, it must necessarily contribute to robust uses that generate income and create jobs.Kenyas Vision 2030 identified energy as one of the infrastructure enablers of its pillars and it is expected that more energy will be unavoidable to realize the objectives of the Vision. The economic pillar of Vision 2030 aims at providing prosperity for all Kenyans by means of an economic development programme aimed at achieving an average GDP growth rate of 10% per annum over the next 25 years. Electricity remains the most sought after energy source by the Kenyan alliance and access to it is normally associated with rising or high quality of life.Its current consumption is at 143 kilowatt hours (kWh) per capita and national connectivity rate of about 28. 9% which is on a lower floor the average of 32% for developing countries. Electrification plays an important role in the start-up and growth of microenterprises which may lead to sustainable livelihoods and poverty reduction. Energy can be today linked to improved food security because energy can be used in any part of the food supply chain, from growing, processing, storage and cooking, through to marketing and distribution.

Issues in Uganda’s human rights Essay

Assignment Research PaperResearch Topic Issues in Ugandas human rightsAs a female-born Canadian, living in one of the better countries of the knowledge domain, take solace in the fact that as a person, put up consciously been able to exercise my rights and emancipations with working, schooling or voting. The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (Constitution Act, 1985.) safeguards our basic human rights. As Canadians, we feel protected in this way, exercising our rights without much thought, passing by dint of our solar day and night without griping fear for our lives, or of the police. Imagine for a moment waking up and the army has moved in, soldiers, police, trucks, tanks control the streets. All left-handed people, regardless of get on with be existence taken away, and secretly relocated for re-education? As a society or an individual within, we would be helpless and vulnerable, should some form of organize brutality be thrust upon us. The western countries of the world place human rights, in high esteem. In stark contrast, woefully galore(postnominal) countries, Uganda in branchicular, argon continu entirely in ally in a desperate struggle for the advancement of human rights. (Ewins, 2011) The country comfort faces heavy criticism regarding the treatment and growth, or neediness therefore in the argona of human rights. In particular, the specific malfeasance shown toward women, boorren, homo exciteuals, and the disab guide.Officially cognise as the Re universal of Uganda, is a s everyplaceeign nation located in the spotless of Africa, bordered by Kenya, Sudan, the Republic of Congo, Tanzania, and Rwanda. Even though this republic is whole forty- half-dozen age old, since gaining indep leftoverence from Great Britain, methods of torture and child labour still exist. Continually, there are put one overmingly insurmountable struggles (i.e. arrests, enslavement, poor laws, etc) (Middleton & Miller, 2008). Additionally, the LGBT (lesb ian, gay, bisexual, transgender) and the cordially/physi call optiony ill in Uganda let virtually no protection at all, and twain male and female homosexual activity or interaction is illegal. (Ewins, 2011)The Uganda Human Rights Commission, an agency established in 1995, still continues to struggle trying to put an end to the cruelty concerning the treatment of women, children, homosexuals, and the genially ill. This sameagency is responsible for crimes against children, which is an underlying problem that that exacerbates the situation for the advancement of human rights in Uganda. The practice of child abuse is considered exploitative, extremely unethical, and inhumane. Comm but, children are laboured for days on end, performing chores for superiors. Ugandan children are trafficked within the country, as well as to opposite countries as Canada, Egypt, the United Arab Emirates, and Saudi Arabia for forced labour and commercial sexual exploitation. (Clark-Kazak, 2010) Karamojo ng women and children, an ethnic group of herders living mainly in the northeast of Uganda, are sold in cattle markets or by intermediaries and forced into situations of domestic servitude, sexual exploitation, herding, and begging. Many Ugandan security and authorities agencies, including Ugandas Rapid Response Unit, the police force, law-enforcement officials and the military, have been accused of torture. (Clark-Kazak, 2010) These agencies persecute opponents of the government, carry out abductions, disappearances, extrajudicial killings and torture and act both independently, as well as interdependently with each other, and in cooperation with the Ugandan Police. approximately of these inhumane acts of torture include kicking and beating, which is described as kandoya a tying of the victims hold and feet behind the body and strung from the ceiling, and level(p) electric shock by attaching wires to the male genitalia. Because these agencies operate through the Ugandan Police, not much stance has been taken by the government. (Clark-Kazak, 2010) Over the past twenty dollar bill years, the turn out group LRA (Lords Resistance Army) has abducted more than 30,000 boys and girls as soldiers. Attacks against Ugandas Acholi people have resulted in severe trauma to civilians from extreme violence and abduction. Girls are often forced to occasion sex slaves, and the UPDF (Uganda Peoples Defence Force) has recruited small numbers of children into its forces, some as young as thirteen. (Mujuzi, 2011) Not only are children being treated as seemlyty with no rights protecting them, women also receive similar treatment.For many decades, the Ugandan culture has made it drop off that women should treat men as higher class citizens, and respect their commands, as they are higher in value than women. Despite the substantial economic and hearty responsibilities of women in Ugandas many traditional societies, women were taught to accede to the wishes of their fathers, brothers, economises, and sometimes other men as well, and todemonstrate their subordination to men in most areas of public life. Customary law also prevails in the event of divorce in that child custody is typically awarded to the father. (Mujuzi, 2011) The physical integrity of Ugandan women is poorly protected. emphasis against women is immensespread some estimates say that more than half of the women in the country have suffered domestic violence at the hands of their partners.Domestic violence has wide social acceptance, even by women. Rape is very common in Uganda. In nearly half of sexual violence fictitious characters, the victims husband or partner is the perpetrator reflecting a widely held belief that spousal rape is a husbands prerogative. (Ehiri, 2009) Many women were raped by rebel soldiers during the conflict in northern Uganda. Women of the Sabiny tribe are subjected to female genital mutilation. There are no laws prohibiting the practice, but the local authoriti es have issued a decree denouncing the custom. (Kafumbe, 2010) In addition, in 2006, The World Health Organization (WHO) published results of a study on countrywide domestic violence and womens wellness in Uganda. In the study, they found that 22% of adult women in the country dwelld sexual violence, with 76% of men transmitting the HIV virus with 82% chance of the women becoming pregnant. 70% of women and 60% of men agreed that wife beating was justifiable under certain circumstances. Ethically speaking, this makes the situation extremely uncomfortable. (Ehiri, 2009) An physical exertion one of which can be seen as a step in the right direction is with regards towards marriage and divorce laws in Uganda.The proposed legislation, the Marriage and Divorce Bill, which was passed in March of 2011, recognizes cohabitation in harm of property rights, abolishes forced marriage, prohibits same sex marriage and allows women to divorce their husbands on grounds of cruelty. Ultimately, the Bill still condemns same sex marriage, however, gives women in marriage more freedom. bit polygamy has been quite popular in Uganda, it has been decreasing every decade, with only 27% of men having more than one wife, as opposed to 43% of males with more than one wife in 1988. (Kafumbe, 2010) The situation compared to decades ago, where polygamy was on the rise, is much less in existence. Granted, the government still has a big array of issues to fix. For example, the period following the collapse of Idi Amins regime (which lasted from 19791986), was characterized by continued turmoil, violations of human rights, including the killing of innocent people, mismanagement ofthe economy, and guerrilla warfare, which is civilians attacking members of the military.The army, led by General Tito Okello, overthrew President Obote in 1985. This gave the rebels of Yoweri Museveni, a former guerrilla leader, an advantage to take over government from Okello on January 26th, 1986. From 1986, ho wever, with a new government headed by Museveni, Uganda started on the path to reconstruction and rehabilitation with new promise of security, peace, and development. (Middleton & Miller, 2008) One issue that it is not showing any signs of improvement, applies to the gay citizens in Uganda. oddity in all its forms is illegal. This includes sexual acts, and just being gay. The consequence for homosexuality can put a Ugandan in prison for life. Prior to 2000, only male homosexuality was criminalized, then in 2000 under the Penal Code Amendment (Gender References) Act 2000, all references to any male was changed to any person so that lesbianism was criminalized as well. A new bill has been introduced into parliament, providing for harsher penalties for homosexuals, including the death penalty for repeat offenders. Ugandan citizens would be required to report any homosexual activity within cardinal hours or face a maximum penalty of three years imprisonment, and Uganda would request e xtradition if Ugandan citizens were having same-sex relationships outside the country. Gays and lesbians face discrimination and bedevilment at the hands of the media, police, teachers, and other groups.According to Jessica Stern of Human Rights Watch, For years, President Yoweri Musevenis government routinely threatens and vilifies lesbians and gays, and subjects sexual rights activists to harassment. (Clark-Kazak, 2010) There appear to be two types of harassment of the Ugandan LGBT community human rights violations against this community, as well as failure to provide govern noetic and non-govern amiable services to this community. First, in Uganda, there is a strong cultural disgust and complete lack of understanding of LGBT individuals. This is reflected in perfunctory actions throughout the country, from minor forms of harassment in clubs, restaurants, and on the streets, to more pernicious forms of discrimination in terms of jobs and service distribution. Interviews with me mbers of the LGBT community suggest that an openly gay individual lead likely be excommunicated by his or her church, forget be neglected by his or her family and community, may be kicked out of school, depart have difficulty finding andholding a job, and forget be otherwise persecuted in everyday life. Stories of people being maimed or killed because they are thought to be gay are a persistent, minute to minute reminder to the LGBT community to honor strong secrecy, often forcing people to engage in heterosexual relationships to give the impression of being straight to the outside world. Much of this type of cultural prepossession and discrimination cannot be attacked using current laws it can only be attacked through new laws creating positive rights enabling LGBT individuals to be free from this type of harassment and discrimination.(Hollander, 2009-10) Condemned by world leaders, some western governments threatened to withhold financial aid. In the United States, Senator R on Wyden of Oregon has argued that, should the legislation become law, Uganda would be ineligible for commerce benefits under the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA). The global backlash to this bill has been significant. President Barack Obama recently denounced it as odious and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton communicated her strongest concerns over the proposed legislation directly to Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni. Resolutions have been introduced in the U.S. Congress condemning the proposed bill, calling on the Ugandan Parliament to reject it, and urging all governments to reject and repeal similar laws criminalizing homosexuality. Some countries have gone even further with Sweden has threatening to cut off all aid to Uganda should the bill become law. (Ewins, 2011) As well, the U.K. partnered up with BBC to film a accountary on Ugandas treatment of homosexuals. It was filmed in Kampala and its surrounding slums, where they interviewed leaders in the anti-homosexu al movement, as well as homosexuals who are out and living in fear. Radio DJ Scott Mills travels to Kampala where the death penalty could soon be introduced for being gay.This was aired in the U.K. on February 2011 before the Bill was killed. Mills, who is openly gay, finds out that the living situation in Kampala and around Uganda is incredibly frightening and horrific. Those who are openly gay are disowned by their family and friends, and are forced to live in slums and outside the city so they can be somewhat protected. An useful way that the Ugandan people capture homosexuals is through their newspapers. The newspaper The Rolling Stone publishes photos of openly gay Ugandans living in and around Kampala, asking citizens to call them or the police if they know where they are located. (Mills, 2011) If aperson gets caught, they are persecuted and thrown in jail for adultery. In the documentary, we meet a lesbian named Stosh.When she was a teenager she was raped by a man to try and cure her of her lesbianism and as a result was infected with HIV. To make matters worse, Pastor Male is part of the self styled National Coalition against Homosexuality and Sexual Abuse in Uganda and claims he was the first person in the country to come out openly against gays. Male believes that no one is born gay and that through counseling they can be cured of this affliction. (Mills, 2011) Exercising tolerance of ignorance can be quite a bitter pill to swallowAlthough the focus of most research in the media on Uganda has been surrounding women, children, and the LGBT community, often overlooked is the mistreatment of the ill, specifically those with mental disorders. A survey of the existing mental health system in Uganda was conducted using the WHO Assessment Instrument for Mental Health Systems. (Fisher, 2010) In addition, 62 interviews and six focus groups were conducted with a broad range of mental health stakeholders at the national and district levels. Despite possessing a draft on mental health policy that is in line with many international human rights standards, Ugandas mental health system inadequately promotes and protects, and frequently violates the human rights of people with mental disorders through physical and emotional abuse. Qualitative interviews with a range of stakeholders revealed that patients had experienced various forms of direct human rights abuses within the mental health facilities and units in the country, curiously in psychiatric units in general hospitals.(Fisher, 2010) In discussions with the mental health service facilities, many stakeholders from protestent groups spoke about how it is fairly common for mental health professionals to infringe on the rights of patients. Numerous respondents, particularly mental health care service users themselves, spoke about the stigma and verbal abuse patients experience from mental health professionals. As one service user lamented Sorry to comment on psychiatrists, but when you a re in hospital, instead of calling you by name, they call you case, this case here, this mental case That is not a proper way to address people. Why do you call me case? I have a name. I am not a case and I have a right to be called my name. But because they have an attitude of labeling.You arebeing turned into an object by them. (Fisher, 2010) Many respondents also spoke about the poor food supply in the mental health units, which is never enough for everyone, and is often old or so bad you would not wish it upon anyone. Poor dietary supplies were seen as impacting especially earnestly those patients who are also physically ill (i.e. as HIV-positive patients). The patients are continuously secluded, sometimes they are beaten up, or starved as punishment, and sometimes they are left alone for hours with no one attending to them. This study was done in every mental institution in the country except for Butabika, which is known as the best mental establishment and is known for its go od contains. Although that does say there can be good and bad institutions, knowing there is only one with a positive rating in the whole country is beyond troublesome. (Bernstein & Okello, 2007) Briefly, a final problem, which falls under the umbrella of human rights, is that of refugee status. In Uganda, refugee policy and programming is focused almost exclusively on providing protection and assistance to refugees residing in rural settlements.While international law allows refugees the right to freedom of movement and choice of residence, Ugandan legislation restricts refugees residency to rural settlements, subjecting those who wish to live outside of settlements and in urban centers to severe restrictions. This study sheds dizzy on the reasons refugees choose to reside in Kampala as opposed to rural settlements and the challenges they endure composition attempting to sustain and support themselves. Research findings indicate that at all stages of exile, refugees in Uganda ar e put under pressure, either implicitly or explicitly, to relocate to settlements. The lack of progressive thinking and hence over-reliance on settlements as the headstone of refugee protection and assistance has hampered reforms of refugee policy and hindered the broader involvement of municipal authorities in responding to protection and assistance needs of refugees in urban areas. Research findings suggest that many refugees have talents, skills, and abilities, which would enable self-sufficiency in Kampala and other urban areas.However, these capabilities are currently undermined by a refugee regime which only promotes self-reliance in rural settlements. In an effort to enhance refugees overall human security and to support their own efforts to become independent and self-reliant, this paper asserts that refugee policy inUganda should be reformed to support refugees decisions to choose their own places of residence, instead of restricting them to rural settlements. (Bernstein & Okello, 2007)When first beginning my research on Uganda, I wanted to focus specifically on the lack of rights for the LGBT community, yet there is a glaring human rights problem all throughout the country, especially including women, children and those with mental/physical ailments. While researching through my references, it is positive to note that human rights is a hot button effect in Uganda, there is some progress albeit small. (Ewins, 2011) There is focus on the topic of human rights in Uganda and how it effects women, children, the mentally ill, and homosexuals. As a Canadian, I recognize and exercise my rights because I have all of them as a cleaning woman and a Canadian citizen.Often times, people seem to forget how fortunate they are to live in a first world country where they do not have to be afraid everywhere they look because of who they are. Dismally, many Ugandans have to exist that way with no escape in sight., as a significant amount of the population are poor a nd unable to flee to a safer place. Having always been interested in human rights in all countries and how they differ from Canadas laws, researching the human conditions in Uganda has been a huge eye opener concerning the depth of despair. Although I am not gay myself, rights for LGBT members is one of things that I am very passionate about changing around the world. My research will show what they have to go through on a daily stern as Ugandans and changes that have been made throughout the decades to improve on these rights, or make them harsher.With my research, I have developed the following research questions Creating the Anti-Homosexual Bill has sure negative attention from countries around the world including the United States and Sweden. How has the Ugandan government dealt with this image the rest of the world has about their country? In Uganda, if someone is homosexual, they will most likely be discriminated against. What acts of discrimination by the rest of the Uganda n population will put homosexuals in danger?Some forms of data that will be presented are primarily from posting anddocumentaries. Ideally, it would be more advantageous to travel to Uganda and experience life there first hand, therefore many researchers document their work by recording it, so others can see exactly what they saw. Most of my references are in text form and come from either observation from the writers own perspective or research from other writers, which can be also known as unobtrusive research (Trochim, 2006), or more specifically, pith analysis. (Chapter 10, textbook) All my research has been through the Concordia Database in the Sociology section. From that database, the oldest document used is from 2006, with an exception to the New Encyclopedia of Africa. (Middleton & Miller, 2008) which described various significant years in Ugandas fight for human rights in the 70s, 80s, and 90s. Additionally, this specific topic is not one that I can do myself or ask peop le about while I am in Montreal.These observations are utile for my research, as it is the easiest and most precise type of research. The work will be even more helpful if anyone can see it first hand rather than just reading text. The documentary will show you more of an in-depth, depressing look at the lack of human rights in Uganda. The ethical issues I will be facing are my own, since being aware of these issues, I feel obligated to help in some manner. I do not know anyone from Uganda that faced the brutality or human rights violations themselves, or someone who has studied human rights in Uganda. While not doing interviews myself, several of my references have taken certain documentaries when it comes to citing their research. One in particular, which I happened to find on YouTube, is a documentary done by BBC3 in the U.K titled The Worlds Worst Place to Be Gay?. It is hosted by a British radio DJ and openly gay Scott Mills, who travelled to Uganda where the death penalty is the huge issue for homosexuals.He finds out what it is like to live in a society which persecutes people such as himself, and meets those who are leading the hate campaign. In its favour, is that it is a recent documentary, originally aired in February of 2011 on BBC. I have also located two other documentaries under my own independent online research, one entitled A World of Conflict in which reporter Kevin Sites covers every major war zone in the world in one year, and another called believe for Uganda, a documentary created by World reverie, a non-governmental organization. While these highlight how poorly a condition Uganda is in, there are definitelyethical issues that occur during filming. Ethical issues include threats of violence open discrimination and hate. While I seemingly cannot do anything to celebrate it, it still remains extremely horrific and unethical. One has to come into contact with this venue of research to appreciate this line of study in a proper context. I have not required any approvals, as all of the research I have is not mine. The documentaries were approved by World Vision and BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation). With regards to the rights of the Ugandans shown in the documentaries, they were given approval to show themselves on camera beforehand. If they were not comfortable being on television, their faces would be blurred out. While filming The Worlds Worst Place to be Gay? in Kampala, the city was warned beforehand that there would be camera crews around. Given that all the stories in the documents and in the films are quite painful, the risks were ever present. Some quotes remained anonymous, some were given with names. It took a great deal of courage for Ugandans to come forward with their hardships and their pain, however it sheds light on the primitive condition of human rights in their country.In conclusion, this topic was something I chose to study, due to the fact that this is a subject that greatly interests me, and that one day, super fountain want to help to fight for this cause, or be involved with as a career. While I might not ever travel to Uganda or work in Africa, I can pursue those fights in Canada. It is certainly an area in which I desperately want to see change in the world equal rights at every level for everyone, regardless of gender or sexual orientation. Despite having some background knowledge on this issue, I have many more things to learn, and that is also again in support of my selection. Something I know a lot about is not as challenging or interesting to research. I somehow feel consciously and morally obliged to learn more about the violated and disenfranchised of this country. Lastly, there will be an examination of the human rights issues in Uganda, focusing on how children, women, and homosexuals are treated.The research covered many kingdoms and cities all over the country. I am hoping that because of this paper, the readers will learn more about the situation in Uganda and are motivated to get involved in a project such as this, and mayhap compel them to do something to help. At the beginning of the course, deciding which subject I would focus this research paper on, and focusing it on something I want to see change and would want to make adifference in that situation. In the future, it is my hope that Ugandas human rights will be improving in the years and decades to come, with the determination, aid, and influence of other countries, apolitical outside agencies, as well as Ugandans learning to help each other. By doing so, people can make the world a better place, not just for today, but rather for the future, and proactively forever. In my future, there will always be a watchful, hopeful eye on Uganda.References1.) Cooper, S., Ssebunnya, J., Kigozi, F., Lund, C., & Flisher, A. (2010). Viewing Ugandas mental health system through a human rights lens. International Review Of Psychiatry, 22(6), 578-588. 2.) Kafumbe, A. (2010). Womens Right s to Property in Marriage, Divorce, and Widowhood in Uganda The snarled Aspects. Human Rights Review, 11(2), 199-221. 3.) Miller C. J., John, M. Ed. (2008). Uganda. New Encyclopedia of Africa. Detroit Charles Scribners Sons. 119-127. 4.) Bernstein, J., & Okello, M. (2007). To Be or Not To Be Urban Refugees in Kampala. Refuge, 24(1), 46-56. 5.) Ewins, L. (2011). Gross Violation Why Ugandas Anti-Homosexuality Act threatens its trade benefits with the United States. Boston College International & Comparative Law Review, 34(1), 147-171. 6.) Hollander, M. (2009). Gay Rights in Uganda Seeking to Overturn Ugandas Anti-Sodomy Laws. Virginia Journal Of International Law, 50(1), 219-266. 7.) Mujuzi, J. (2011). defend Children From Those Who Are Supposed To Protect Them The Uganda Human Rights Commission And Childrens Right To Freedom From Torture. Journal Of Third World Studies, 28(1), 155-168. 8.) Clark-Kazak, C. R. (2010).The politics of protection aid, human rights discourse, and power r elations in Kyaka II settlement, Uganda. Disasters, 34(1), 55-70 9.) Emusu, D., Ivankova, N., Jolly, P., Kirby, R., Foushee, H., Wabwire-Mangen, F., & Ehiri, J. (2009). Experience of sexual violence among women in HIV discordant unions after voluntary HIV counselling and testing a qualitative critical incident study in Uganda. AIDS Care, 21(11), 1363-1370 10.) Mills, S. (Producer) (2011). The worlds worst place to be gay? Web. Retrieved from http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=168gaNmaIFo 11.) Allyson, S. (Producer) (2007). Hope for Uganda Web Retrieved from http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=1IGKnQRPF-I 12.) Trochim, William.Unobstrusive Measures. Research Methods Knowledgable Base. (2006) 1. Web. 4 Apr. 2012. . 13.) Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, section 15. (Constitution Act, April 17th 1985.)

Studying Children’s Friendships in Bigelow and La Gaipa: Comparison

In this essay you will read about the many an(prenominal) similarities and differences of the study and research of childrens intimacys expectations, which were approached by Bigelow and La Gaipa (1975) and William Corsaro (2006). Firstly I will introduce some(prenominal)(prenominal) of the variant approaches and methods and I will then ulterior go into the results of their work. I will later go on to talk about the problems with some of the methods and what could have been changed to solve these and lastly the similarities and differences between them both.Bigelow and La Gaipa in 1975 approached a study on childrens friendships they started the study in the 1970 when very little was known on childrens friendship and the aspects of friendships. Their main studies was to look at the differences in childrens understanding of friendship at various st times of development and how the childrens interpretation of friendship changes as they add up fourth-year. In the Experiment itse lf they asked cardinal girls and thirty boys from eight antithetic schools, between the ages of six and fourteen to think about their best friend of the same sex.They were then told to write an essay on what they expected of their best friend and how it differs from expectations of other friends. Bigelow and La Gaipa sampled a study of four hundred and eighty essays. Before the study and research took place Bigelow and La Gaipa wrote a list of different characteristics of a best friend of which they believed the children may include in their essays, they created a list of twenty one difference categories of friendship expectations.For the results of this method they took all four hundred and eighty essays and compared them against their list of twenty one categories of friendship expectations, this was to count how many times individually expectation was mentioned, this is normally referred to as a frequency count. Once they counted each expectation and the occurrences had been renowned they could use the frequency count to look for patterns that could give them an insight into childrens friendships expectations and the changing nature of it. Bigelow and La Gaipa found some differences in the expectations of a best friend in different ages and how gender differs too.Sixteen of the twenty one categories were noted to a greater extent frequent in the elder childrens essays compared to the younger, it is said that expectations of a best friend plump increasingly complex and sophisticated as children get older. Bigelow and La Gaipa all came up with three different stages of development of childrens expectations in friendship First stage- is based on shared activities, so when youre a lot younger and your parents take you for meetings with other children to start the development of friendships.Second stage this change is different from the first stage as the friendships are to a greater extent emphasized on sharing, loyalty and commitment. Third stage this stage is based more on growing up and the importance of similarity in attitudes, values and the potential of a more intimate friendship The problem with Bigelow and La Gaipas approach was that younger children lack the use of skills and higher(prenominal) education such as verbal and writing skills, older children may be a lot better with words and may be more descriptive, whereas the younger children will keep theres more simple and basic.Another problem with their approach was that Bigelow and La Gaipa created the list themselves of the friendship expectations, this could be seen as unfair because what they wrote down could be their own expectations and not a varied supply of words for everyones views on friendship expectations. To change this they could have asked other variety of people on their first thoughts on what is a best friend and used a mixed variety of sentiments.William Corsaro was more interested in how children spoke to each other and that research on childrens f riendships should focus more on their understanding of the word. William Corsaro wanted to explore more into how friendship changes and is meant in different places and different times, he wanted to look more into the communication of children with each other sort of than have an interviewer. He made notes on the different activities of children and their moveions with each other, whilst video recording them, this is an example of an ethnographic approach.An ethnographic approach can be seen as better when it used with younger children which may not be good with words like elder children, also this way he could get a first-hand account of the Childs experiences. Corsaro had to find a way of immingle in with the social groups without seeming inconspicuous, he believed that a way which has worked well in the past is observing and watching from a distant and waiting to be approached by children, for them to then invite you into the social group.He firstly observed a group of childre n of the age of three years old playing in a box and discovered in order to gain access to be invited to play together you need to already be friends or become friends. He then observed to three year old girls, Jenny and Betty and discovered that they became concerned about one another when one disappeared to play with individual else, Betty also reassures Jenny that they are still best friends.William Corsaros last observation slightly contradicts Bigelow and La Gaipas idea of showing concern of each other comes as you get older, whereas Corsaro comes across the two girls whom at the age of three become concerned for one another. This may be due to the different approaches they both took in their research, Corsaros approach was more about translating the childrens words whereas Bigelow and La Gaipas at the end came down to translating the childrens essays into numbers. They both started off by using more qualitative data but later Bigelow and La Gaipa altered theirs to quantitativ e.The problems with Corsaros approach is that he didnt alter his ideas enough and kept them to a small, minimum age range and didnt vary the different situations, although his idea was to see the understanding of childrens idea on friends, if he had mixed situations and ages Corsaro may have had a very different result to what he got. I think it would have made his experiment more interesting if he had varied genders and the amount of children and also seen how boy and girl friends interact with one another.By looking at both studies there is an clear similarity and this is that they both were interested in the research and study of childrens friendships. Another similarity in both these approaches of childrens friendship is that the children had free will to do or write what they wanted, Bigelow and La Gaipa just told them to write what they looked for in a best friend and William Corsaro allowed the children to play where they wanted and allowed them to introduce him into their s ocial group rather than approaching it himself which may have altered the results for his study.From my point of view there are a lot more differences comparing both the approaches, to start with although they were both looking into childrens friendships, William Corsaro was more interested in the childrens individual understanding of the word friend and how place and time affect this, in strain Bigelow and La Gaipa wanted to know a range of ideas of what children expect of their best friend. They also used different methods Corsaro used an ethnographic approach unconnected Bigelow and La Gaipa which used a written quantitative research method.To conclude this essay I believe that the differences overrule over similarities with Bigelow and La Gaipas compared to William Corsaros approach. They both make valid points in their methods, studies and especially their results, but both results contradict one another, by one saying as you get older friendships become more complex and you become more concerned for friends, where on the other hand the other goes on to show that from a young age of three a couple of young girls show concern for each other, which opens the question of every child differs from each other.Bigelow and La Gaipa had a good idea of method by taste a wide number and varied the ages and areas the children were from, whereas William Corsaro only observed a small amount of children which doesnt open his sampling studies as he was then restricted to what he had. I believe that William Corsaro had the better method overall though by actually observing how children interact and by seeing it all himself from his own eyes, childrens views on each other can differ all the time, even days when theyre a lot younger.

Pride and Prejudice Movie Review Essay

1) In 1859, Charles Darwin described a model of how living things smorgasbord over time. He described this model and the evidence that supported it in a book called On The Origin of Species. Which scientific term is used to describe a testable model that seeks to explain natural phenomena? A) entropy B) hypothesis C) observation D) theory 2) When an sample is repeated and the new results are different from the original results, what could you suck in to be true? A) The results from both experiments are worthless. B) The first experiments results are worthless and should be discarded. C) The experimental design is flawed and the experiment should be discarded. D) Neither test results are 100% time-tested and additional experimentation is needed. 3) All of the following EXCEPT the resistance of _________ demonstrate artificially selected resistance. A) beef cattle, to ecstasy fever, B) many agricultural wheat varieties, to drought and fungus, C) Anatarctic fish to freezing, due to antifreeze proteins in their blood,D) many super acid grasshopper species to pesticides, such as diazinon, sevin, and others, 4) Which fact about fogeys is MOST important to scientists who study evolution? A) Fossils are often found in sedimentary rock. B) Footprints, body structures, and even animal droppings can have fogyized. C) The age of a fossil can be determined by examining the rock strata in which the fossil is found. D) The formation of a fossil depends on the geologic and chemical conditions present when an organism dies. 5) According to the fossil record, five ________________took place, which lowered the variety of species found on Earth today. A) mass clonings B) microevolutions C) mass extinctions D) mass revolutions 6) When an experiment is repeated and the new results are different from the original results, what could you assume to be true?A) The first company of results MUST be incorrect and throw out. B) The second set of results MUST be inaccurate and th rown out. C) The experimental design must be flawed and should be scrapped. D) The original experiment MAY be inaccurate and further experimentation is needed. 7) If an experiments results are accurate, when the experiment is repeated by some other scientist, the results A) should be similar to those obtained originally. B) will be identical every time the experiment is repeated. C) should be all told different for a different scientist.

History of bootlegging Essay

1. Background on Bootlegging It has been said that at its real level unison belongs to everyone. To claim avowership over medicine has been the subject of much summary since music, after all, is available to each individual through our sense of hearing. Maintaining control or possession of our music is not as clear cut as meting out our repairs to our land or property. To listen to a song mortal else has written, for instance, does not necessarily constitute stealing or trespassing on someone elses property.The best way to ensure our right and title over our musical creations is to get a procure over the original piece. Yet it is not uncommon for a listener or a music lover or fan to record a favorite song or a particularly memorable concert attended. People record songs, concerts, and videos and keep such(prenominal) saves for personal aim, or arrest copies thereof to give to their friends. Songs and videos atomic number 18 also easily downloaded from the Internet. Fans al so record different songs and performances, from different albums or concerts, into one CD or online play list to go for their own personal collection.The problem is when such recordings are distributed and sold for profit without the artist and the record companys consent. Generally, imitateright violations involving musical creations whitethorn be distinguished into three different types 1) passe-partout counterfeit recordings (unauthorized duplication of sound and art use) 2) professional pirate recordings (unauthorized duplication of the sound, but with original art work, usually sold as greatest hits compilations 3) pitch-dark recordings (unauthorized recording of suffer performances)Bootlegging, as it was traditionally defined, involves the illegal dispersal or production of liquor and separate highly taxed goods In the 1920s, the get together States had a Prohibition against alcohol, so people resorted to bootlegging, or clouding and change an illegal product, fr om bootleggers. Organized offense consisting of gangs and mobsters in Chicago and New York, such as Al Capone, were profoundly involved in bootlegging. In the music industry, music bootlegging involves the taking and trading of unauthorized live recordings of live musical performers either from concert or studio outtakes.Bootleg music albums are recordings transferred from read to vinyl or CD. They become a bootleg product when a bootlegger undertakes to create an artifact or when a non-commercial recording is transformed into a commercial product in the form of an LP or a CD. Bootleg recordings are usually done without the artists consent however, making a recording of a concert is not illegal per se. Although an individual firenot legally record an officially waive CD or cassette tape on to a blank tape, he or she whitethorn make an unauthorized recording of a concert and keep it for personal intention. However, the sale of such a recording is deemed illegal.The problems with bootlegging is that it pr regularts the artist and the record company from maintaining quality control over their product , and it pr make upts them from collecting their royalties to their right to their music.2. Changes in Copyright Laws Copyright is defined as a form of encourageion provided by the laws of the United States (title 17, U. S. Code) to the authors of original works of authorship . The U. S. has passed significant copyright laws to protect an artists right to his or her original creations. These creations include not only musical works, but literary, dramatic, artistic and certain intellectual creations.The U. S. system itself provides that the Congress shall have power to promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited quantify to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries. The State thus allows Congress to pass copyright laws to protect an artists rights to his or her musical creations. T he U. S. Copyright set was amended in 1976 so that it promptly covers new technological advancements and extended the term of protection to cover the life of the author plus 70 more years.Copyright laws allow the author, artist, or whoever holds the copyright to a creation to sue those who infringe on their copyrights for damages. The complainant has to prove infringement of copyright by a) proving ownership of the copyright and b) copying by the infringer-defendant. In compliance with its Constitutional mandate of protecting original works of authorship, the Congress has passed several laws concerning music copyright infringement, piracy and bootlegging. Some of the relevant laws will be discussed in this section. The Audio Home Recording Act allows music retailers to sell all analog and digital recording formats.It also gives a consumer the right to use such recordings provided such use is for non-commercial purposes, and in such cases, no copyright infringement lawsuit may be b rought against a consumer. The consumer and retailer is also exempt from making royalty payments on digital sound recording recording devices and media the burden falls on U. S. manufacturers and importers only who must pay for digital audio devices knowing or marketed primarily for making digital audio recordings for private use, whether or not these are combine in some some other device.These royalty payments are administered and monitored by the U. S. Register of Copyrights and the Librarian of Congress, with the proceeds shiver between the featured artists and the record company, or between the songwriters and music publishers, depending on the circumstances. euphonyal artists or musicians thus receive royalties which are based on record sales and airplay during a prescribed period. The U. S. is also a signatory of both the World Intellectual Property Organization Copyright Treaty and the Performances and Phonograms Treaty.In agreement with these international agreements, the U. S.Congress passed the Digital Millennium Copyright Act which makes it a crime to a crime to circumvent anti-piracy measures built into many of todays commercial software and even most music CDs. The Act also limits the copyright infringement liability of ISPs for transmitting information over the Internet, but requires that ISPs terminate copyright infringement materials found in users web sites.Despite legislative acts and proposed bills by well inwardness members of the U. S. Congress, and jurisprudence laid down by the U. S. Supreme Court, infringers still find a way of acquire around copyright laws by invoking the fair use doctrine. The U.S. Code provides that the public is entitled to the fair use of copyrighted material. Fair use is a privilege to use copyrighted material in a reasonable manner without consent, notwithstanding the copyright monopoly granted to the owner. A copyrighted original creation may be reproduced for purposes of criticism, news reporting, co mment, teaching, scholarship and research.The Code further provides that there are four factors in find out whether there is fair use of a copyrighted material or not 1) the purpose and function of the use, including whether such use is of commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes ) the nature of the copyrighted work itself 3) the proportion and substantiality of the copyrighted work actually used without authority 4) the potential economic outrage on the value of the work caused by such unauthorized use thereof. What makes it especially voiceless to follow out the copyright is that information is so readily available through the Internet. As music is downloaded courtesy of digital technology, consumers are turning to the Internet to get their music rather than going out to music hold ons to buy the CDs. Bootlegged albums are also easily transmitted and shared through the Internet.Digital technology allows consumer to reproduce equivalent copies of digital m usic cross-files, most commonly in compression formats such as MP3s. Such digital advancements not only pave the way for more widespread bootlegging, but for music piracy as well.3. Advancements in Piracy Technology File Sharing Piracy, as earlier discussed, is differentiated from bootlegging in that the former involve the unauthorized duplication of the sound, but with original art work. Piracy involves the reproduction and distribution of copies of original recordings. Advancements in digital technology have allowed music piracy to develop at an direful rate.MP3s enable consumers to compress digitized music into smaller files, while ripping software allows them to copy music from CDs, store these on their hard drives, and then convert these files into compressed formats. Digital file reproduction devices, like CD players, in turn allow consumers to write these files into a CD and in effect create their own albums and compilations of copyrighted creations. Peer-to-peer (P2P) netw orks have also allowed increased music dissemination, as well as file sharing, as introduced by the infamous Napster software company.P2P networks basically offer users to annoy the hard drives of other users anywhere in the world by the installation of a piece of software. These networks allow users to search, copy and transfer music files typically through MP3 files. After Napster, subsequent P2P networks version, like KaZaA and Grokstar, which are collectively known as the FastTrack providers, allow users to access multiple individual computers instead of accessing just one single, centralized database of music files.The digital audio workstation (DAW) on the other hand, allows users to indulge in sampling original music recordings, converted from analog to digital format, which users can import, cut, copy, layer and manipulate to create new musical work. Since samples may be in a hoops entire song, or merely passages from an instrument, in effect it allows not just users but even musicians and DJs to create, layer, expand and redefine music. Recording companies have resorted to copy-protection technology to protect themselves from piracy committed through file sharing and P2P networks.Copy-protected CDs is one answer, but public backlash and concerns about the technologys effectiveness, have pressure recording companies to limit use of such CDs in the U. S. and instead opted to release such CDs abroad in Europe and countries such as Japan. Five major recording companies in the U. S. use copy-protected CDs BMG Entertainment, Universal Music Group, Warner Music Group, EMI, and Sony. BMG in particular has made us of copy-protection advancements such the MediaMax CD-3 technology from SunnComm Technologies, Inc. located in Phoenix, Arizona. finished MediaMax CD-3, each song is written onto a CD twice.One format is readable by example CD players while the other format is readable as a Windows media file playable on a computer. The technology allows consume rs of BMG records to burn each track only three times per computer. The songs in BMG albums embed with the MediaMax CD-3 technology may also be emailed to a limited number of people. However, each person in that limited list may only listen to ten times to each song in the album. In other words, songs in such CDs are locked and wont be played even if they are downloaded from file-sharing networks if it exceeds the allowable number of times a person may listen to the track.Other developments are even more rigid. The CDS-300 developed by Macrovision, located in Santa Clara, California, allows CDs to be burnt and listened to online, but blocks other attempts to make copies or share music online. Recording companies thus are faced with a difficult balancing act. On the one hand, there is the need to respect a consumers desire to share, copy and hear songs in different ways. But on the other hand, there is the copyright to take maintain of and the bottom line earning revenues through royalties by limiting the number of copies consumers make of copyrighted musical creations.

Interdependence Report – Cambodia (Kampuchea)

Cambodia is a wee entropyeast Asian sylvan that borders on the Gulf of Thai visit and is situated between Laos, Vietnam and Thailand. It has a population of 12 and a half meg people, and has just come with a time of great failure that has lasted since 1975. The people responsible for this countrys turbulent past argon the Khmer blushing mushroom persuasivenesss that invaded Phnom Penh in the 70s. Over 1 million people died during their rule, through enforced hardship and execution. This country has seen war, human massacres, and dictatorship.Economic aloney, Cambodia is a country disc all overing itself in tourism terms, with a 34% increase in tourism for the 2000-2001 period. Cambodia has a wealth of history and culture predating the Khmer Rouge tyranny and many travelers see it as an unadulterated, tourist-free experience. Cambodias industries argon in garments, rice milling, fishing, wood and wood products (although many of these are illegal operations), rubber, cement, gem mining (a nonher generally illegal perseverance), and textiles. The un workplace rate is 2.8%. 80% of all utilise people are working in the agriculture sector, which consists of rice, rubber, corn and new(prenominal) vegetables. Exports in 2000 were $942 million and these consisted of timber, garments, rubber, rice, and fish. The legal age of these exports went to neighbouring countries, and 10% went to the USA.Cambodias population of 12,491,501 and has a reaping rate of 2.25% per annum. This rate takes into account, the following things Its birth rate per pace head of population 33.16, and the deaths per railway yard head of population 10.65.The migratory rate of 0 people per 1000 is as well worth mentioning. The infant mortality rate is 65.41 per thousand live births.Life expectancy in Cambodia is 56.82 historic period, compared with Australias approximate 75 years, this is very low. Literacy rates for the total population are 35% (This takes into account persons o ver 15 years who can read and write). For all the population, womens literacy rate drops to 22%, while men are on 42%.All the above statistics explicitly take into consideration, death linked to or as a precede of AIDS, this lowers life expectancy, higher infant mortality rate and higher death rates. pass up population, growth rates and changes in population distri exception by age and sex are also affected. Deaths per year as a result of AIDS are 14,000 and the prevalence rate is 4.04%.SECTION BAgriculture-11% of Cambodias total land usage is in permanent pastures. This clearly illustrates that farming animals in Cambodia is not a huge industry. Officially, there are 0% permanent educate pastures, hardly it is estimated that this form has locomote to 4% over the last two years. 5% of all land used is for narcotics/drug manufacturing, with Cambodia goence a huge international producer of heroin, opium, amphetamines and cannabis.After massive semipolitical upheaval, which br ought an end to the Khmer Rouge politics in the mid-1990s, Cambodia finally looked started to restore some semblance of normality to the countrys economy. The primary industries were one of the first areas the bracing government decided to develop, unfortunately with political infighting and civil violence all blueprints for industry development were pitch on hold. It was only after 1999, the first full year of peace in 30 years that the government implemented strategies to make agriculture a more prominent and lucrative industry. They launched a plan to dress verdant poverty to 31% by 2005, but still retain an economic growth rate of 6 to 7 percent a year.This plan hopefully will reconstruct rural infrastructures by drawing up public investment plans, setting up rural development banks and minor(ip) financial institutions. Local authorities and councils also inviteed to be perfected and this happened in communal elections in February of this year, in this way, a lot of the corrupt government murdericials were voted out of office. Much of the international aid that comes to Cambodia is wander into the purifyment of rural services such as roads, power supply, education and healthcare.The current types of agriculture that exist in Cambodia today are rice (growth and milling), rubber, corn, and miscellaneous vegetables. Livestock and poultry also make up a portion of the industry, there are also fisheries and forestry. Statistics are organised as Crops 18%, blood line and poultry 7%, Fisheries 16%, forestry and logging 4% (All these statistics are from the 2000 GDP and are approximate to the close full number).As a result of the governments development process, technology in agriculture had risen dramatically over the past 2 years. Tractors, diggers, ploughs and other thumping machineryare fast becoming commonplace on farms, and there are often share policies initiated between farmers to gain finance on equipment and pay it off together while both u sing it. Biotechnology is a very small area, and genetic research is virtually nonexistent, but as a result of government funding, and initiatives between industry and local government, in the raw farming methods of irrigation and fertilisation are organism developed.Land tenure in Cambodia is a process being reviewed currently. A lot of the land is owned by local government and the state (almost 45%) but a policy put in place to encourage foreign investors, has spun off and created a juicy and legitimate loophole for local farmers. The government allows rent of land for up to 90 years at a very low price, and seeds, fertilizers, mechanised agriculture equipment and other farm- link things are all exempt from taxes or call for low duties. Farmers who export more than 80% of their produce are also exempt from all duties.Industry-In Cambodia industrial involution, has been quite important and could well be called a corner-stone of their economic performance. It is a country rela tively rich in cancel resources, resources that crap more or less remained untapped because decades of war and non-industry related development (infact the term anti-industry is fitting) have inhibited it. The government now regards areas of industry such as garments and textiles as two major pillars in the national economy.Development of these industries creates 50,000 jobs a year for the rural labour force alone, and helps gain foreign exchange for the national treasury. Garment enterprises now employ 150,000 workers nationwide but this figure is disputed, as many factories and manufacturing plants do not officially exist for tax-evasion purposes, so the figure is in all actuality higher. Huge openings in the markets of the American, Canada and European Union have provided Cambodia with major export partners, and given them quality standards for their products to reach.mineral and gem mining is a big business, with police and the government coming down hard on the estimated 50% o f illegal operations currently operating along the border of Thailand in the North Batdambang and South Eastern Siem imbibe regions. This mining is usually strip mining, which means they take the top layer of soil, trees, rocks, natural vegetation and habitats and mine for whatever particular mineral they are looking for. This is a huge randomness (Infact it destroys it) to any environment, and in when a company does this environmental legislation states that all soil and rocks must be replaced, and trees replanted, so that some the environment and can regrow and resemble something of its previous appearance and function.Illegal companies do not do this reparation work and turn unique and biologically diverse area into a desolate crater, full of mining pollution and waste. The minerals being mined for are gemstones, iron ore, manganese, and phosphates. Mining provides employment to something like 230,000 people, and also helps to develop rural industries like retail and food proce ssing, because of the masses of people that have to be situated at the mines. There are processing plants at some of the mines but a good majority of all mined material is sent to processing plants in Thailand and PDR Laos.Timber and forestry is perhaps the most lucrative and at the same time destructive industry. As with the mining, a good similitude of the logging that occurs is illegal and the government is belatedly eradicating all of these operations, this eradication began in 1999. With forests and woodlands making up 66% of all land use, it is hardly surprising that this area of industry has become huge. The government is now displace in place rules and regulations to try and curve the amount of trees being cut down and processed all(prenominal) day, in the hope of retaining large amounts of its rainforests and natural wildlife habitats. Logging companies that had concessions to forests have recently agreed reluctantly to reduce their productions from an already reduced 50% capacity to 25% while violations are addressed. All the above industries need major reform and right now have huge pollution and waste outputs, that flow immediately into the sea.Fisheries are a vital industry in Cambodia, providing the principal source of protein for the population and providing significant employment. seek activities are divided into large-scale operations involving exclusive concessions on fishing areas in the Tonle Sap (a large inland lake) and floodplains, licensed medium-scale activities, or minor family fishing. A rapid increase in medium and small-scale fishing and mismanagement of fishing areas in recent years is leading to overexploitation of some species but others are still plentiful. An estimated 67,000 people are employed in the fisheries industry, this takes into account fisher people, deck-hands, and all boat related staff, processing staff at processing and packaging plants and executives and business people.Before the pollution from other industries gets to the sea, it goes through mangroves that line the coast. As a result of massive pollution being put through the mangroves, they are all slowly dying. The mangroves are a nursery for fish, that eventually will not exist, and so neither will the fish, thus destroying a very important industry.Other Emerging Industries-In recent years the services sector and tourism were hit hard by the political disturbances of 1997 and 1998, but over the past 5 years consumer confidence has returned and made headway for new spheres of development. In 1999 tourist arrivals to the country rose by 41%, and then by another 34% in the year 2000. tourism is a major industry, generating $63 million in 1999. The government in conjunction with airlines has created direct flights to Siem Reap from destinations such as Bangkok, Ho Chi Minh City and there are plans for flights from Singapore, all this has contributed greatly to tourism in regional areas of Cambodia and has huge marketability as multi-country package tours become very popular to westerners.The service sector, report for 36% of total GDP in 2000, seems poised to enter a sustained period of expansion after several years of stagnation according to economic analysts from the ADB organisation. United Nations involvement, and becoming a member of the WHO, has for certain affected the publics attitudes towards restaurants and hotels. The aforementioned organisations set up protocols and regulations for the government to implement, and trained inspectors and officials to make sure proprietors and companies abide by them. This has seen a 49% growth in services and more consumers than ever.Cambodias main export partners are as follows Vietnam 18%, Thailand 15%, US 10%, Singapore 8% and China 5%. Its import partners are much the same with the addition of Japan. The trade balance is reasonable with imports at $1.3 billion and exports at $942 million.11% of Cambodias total land usage is in permanent pastures. Officia lly, there are 0% permanent crop pastures, but it is estimated that this figure has risen to 4% over the last two years. 5% of all land used is for narcotics/drug manufacturing, with Cambodia being a huge international producer of heroin, opium, amphetamines and cannabis. There is large-scale political involvement in stopping this drug-trade, but a lot of local officials previous to the elections, were involved in taking bribes and in some extreme circumstances were actually growing and selling drugs themselves.Section CEconomic development for any country is a long and hard journey that has problems with trade, neighbouring countries, religious aspects and so forth Possibly the most important thing to consider, as a spin-off of development is the impact it has on the environment. This impact on the environment can be things like forestry, mining, pollution, species of animals becoming endangered, and declination of bio-diversity etc. Cambodia has a lot of these problems and they ar e being addressed, but it is the illegal (and legal) logging that carries the title for most urgent industry to fix, as it is destroying the forests and killing animals. This is saying the least about what the implications of this destruction may be.Slowly the government is engagement national parks and declaring them forbidden to forestry companies. What is happening when companies chop trees down is that they are destroying habitats of wildlife, preventing things from ever growing again because of their wastes, and as a result reducing the total bio-diversity of the country. In these rain forests and woodlands, many endangered animals that are extinct in Thailand, Vietnam and PDR Laos, live and coexist.Species such as Asiatic elephants, tigers, lepoards, Asiatic rhinos, gibbons and crocodiles are all slowly losing their homes as the number of suitable habitats grows less and less. When deforestation occurs upstream, massive damage as a result of floods occurs downstream. This fl ooding affects everything, from agriculture (farms being underwater and losing crops, livestock, equipment), to towns and villages being underwater. Funnily enough, the inverse of this situation is that fisheries and their production improve greatly with the more severe floods.Most of the environmental consequences have been discussed in previous sections, so in summing up, Cambodia is a country of rich history and huge potential tourism, its social ideals still have a fair way to improve, but in Cambodia you can see a country that against all odds has come out of political oppression and started to find its identity and become a developed country.