Interdependence Report – Cambodia (Kampuchea)

Cambodia is a wee entropyeast Asian sylvan that borders on the Gulf of Thai visit and is situated between Laos, Vietnam and Thailand. It has a population of 12 and a half meg people, and has just come with a time of great failure that has lasted since 1975. The people responsible for this countrys turbulent past argon the Khmer blushing mushroom persuasivenesss that invaded Phnom Penh in the 70s. Over 1 million people died during their rule, through enforced hardship and execution. This country has seen war, human massacres, and dictatorship.Economic aloney, Cambodia is a country disc all overing itself in tourism terms, with a 34% increase in tourism for the 2000-2001 period. Cambodia has a wealth of history and culture predating the Khmer Rouge tyranny and many travelers see it as an unadulterated, tourist-free experience. Cambodias industries argon in garments, rice milling, fishing, wood and wood products (although many of these are illegal operations), rubber, cement, gem mining (a nonher generally illegal perseverance), and textiles. The un workplace rate is 2.8%. 80% of all utilise people are working in the agriculture sector, which consists of rice, rubber, corn and new(prenominal) vegetables. Exports in 2000 were $942 million and these consisted of timber, garments, rubber, rice, and fish. The legal age of these exports went to neighbouring countries, and 10% went to the USA.Cambodias population of 12,491,501 and has a reaping rate of 2.25% per annum. This rate takes into account, the following things Its birth rate per pace head of population 33.16, and the deaths per railway yard head of population 10.65.The migratory rate of 0 people per 1000 is as well worth mentioning. The infant mortality rate is 65.41 per thousand live births.Life expectancy in Cambodia is 56.82 historic period, compared with Australias approximate 75 years, this is very low. Literacy rates for the total population are 35% (This takes into account persons o ver 15 years who can read and write). For all the population, womens literacy rate drops to 22%, while men are on 42%.All the above statistics explicitly take into consideration, death linked to or as a precede of AIDS, this lowers life expectancy, higher infant mortality rate and higher death rates. pass up population, growth rates and changes in population distri exception by age and sex are also affected. Deaths per year as a result of AIDS are 14,000 and the prevalence rate is 4.04%.SECTION BAgriculture-11% of Cambodias total land usage is in permanent pastures. This clearly illustrates that farming animals in Cambodia is not a huge industry. Officially, there are 0% permanent educate pastures, hardly it is estimated that this form has locomote to 4% over the last two years. 5% of all land used is for narcotics/drug manufacturing, with Cambodia goence a huge international producer of heroin, opium, amphetamines and cannabis.After massive semipolitical upheaval, which br ought an end to the Khmer Rouge politics in the mid-1990s, Cambodia finally looked started to restore some semblance of normality to the countrys economy. The primary industries were one of the first areas the bracing government decided to develop, unfortunately with political infighting and civil violence all blueprints for industry development were pitch on hold. It was only after 1999, the first full year of peace in 30 years that the government implemented strategies to make agriculture a more prominent and lucrative industry. They launched a plan to dress verdant poverty to 31% by 2005, but still retain an economic growth rate of 6 to 7 percent a year.This plan hopefully will reconstruct rural infrastructures by drawing up public investment plans, setting up rural development banks and minor(ip) financial institutions. Local authorities and councils also inviteed to be perfected and this happened in communal elections in February of this year, in this way, a lot of the corrupt government murdericials were voted out of office. Much of the international aid that comes to Cambodia is wander into the purifyment of rural services such as roads, power supply, education and healthcare.The current types of agriculture that exist in Cambodia today are rice (growth and milling), rubber, corn, and miscellaneous vegetables. Livestock and poultry also make up a portion of the industry, there are also fisheries and forestry. Statistics are organised as Crops 18%, blood line and poultry 7%, Fisheries 16%, forestry and logging 4% (All these statistics are from the 2000 GDP and are approximate to the close full number).As a result of the governments development process, technology in agriculture had risen dramatically over the past 2 years. Tractors, diggers, ploughs and other thumping machineryare fast becoming commonplace on farms, and there are often share policies initiated between farmers to gain finance on equipment and pay it off together while both u sing it. Biotechnology is a very small area, and genetic research is virtually nonexistent, but as a result of government funding, and initiatives between industry and local government, in the raw farming methods of irrigation and fertilisation are organism developed.Land tenure in Cambodia is a process being reviewed currently. A lot of the land is owned by local government and the state (almost 45%) but a policy put in place to encourage foreign investors, has spun off and created a juicy and legitimate loophole for local farmers. The government allows rent of land for up to 90 years at a very low price, and seeds, fertilizers, mechanised agriculture equipment and other farm- link things are all exempt from taxes or call for low duties. Farmers who export more than 80% of their produce are also exempt from all duties.Industry-In Cambodia industrial involution, has been quite important and could well be called a corner-stone of their economic performance. It is a country rela tively rich in cancel resources, resources that crap more or less remained untapped because decades of war and non-industry related development (infact the term anti-industry is fitting) have inhibited it. The government now regards areas of industry such as garments and textiles as two major pillars in the national economy.Development of these industries creates 50,000 jobs a year for the rural labour force alone, and helps gain foreign exchange for the national treasury. Garment enterprises now employ 150,000 workers nationwide but this figure is disputed, as many factories and manufacturing plants do not officially exist for tax-evasion purposes, so the figure is in all actuality higher. Huge openings in the markets of the American, Canada and European Union have provided Cambodia with major export partners, and given them quality standards for their products to reach.mineral and gem mining is a big business, with police and the government coming down hard on the estimated 50% o f illegal operations currently operating along the border of Thailand in the North Batdambang and South Eastern Siem imbibe regions. This mining is usually strip mining, which means they take the top layer of soil, trees, rocks, natural vegetation and habitats and mine for whatever particular mineral they are looking for. This is a huge randomness (Infact it destroys it) to any environment, and in when a company does this environmental legislation states that all soil and rocks must be replaced, and trees replanted, so that some the environment and can regrow and resemble something of its previous appearance and function.Illegal companies do not do this reparation work and turn unique and biologically diverse area into a desolate crater, full of mining pollution and waste. The minerals being mined for are gemstones, iron ore, manganese, and phosphates. Mining provides employment to something like 230,000 people, and also helps to develop rural industries like retail and food proce ssing, because of the masses of people that have to be situated at the mines. There are processing plants at some of the mines but a good majority of all mined material is sent to processing plants in Thailand and PDR Laos.Timber and forestry is perhaps the most lucrative and at the same time destructive industry. As with the mining, a good similitude of the logging that occurs is illegal and the government is belatedly eradicating all of these operations, this eradication began in 1999. With forests and woodlands making up 66% of all land use, it is hardly surprising that this area of industry has become huge. The government is now displace in place rules and regulations to try and curve the amount of trees being cut down and processed all(prenominal) day, in the hope of retaining large amounts of its rainforests and natural wildlife habitats. Logging companies that had concessions to forests have recently agreed reluctantly to reduce their productions from an already reduced 50% capacity to 25% while violations are addressed. All the above industries need major reform and right now have huge pollution and waste outputs, that flow immediately into the sea.Fisheries are a vital industry in Cambodia, providing the principal source of protein for the population and providing significant employment. seek activities are divided into large-scale operations involving exclusive concessions on fishing areas in the Tonle Sap (a large inland lake) and floodplains, licensed medium-scale activities, or minor family fishing. A rapid increase in medium and small-scale fishing and mismanagement of fishing areas in recent years is leading to overexploitation of some species but others are still plentiful. An estimated 67,000 people are employed in the fisheries industry, this takes into account fisher people, deck-hands, and all boat related staff, processing staff at processing and packaging plants and executives and business people.Before the pollution from other industries gets to the sea, it goes through mangroves that line the coast. As a result of massive pollution being put through the mangroves, they are all slowly dying. The mangroves are a nursery for fish, that eventually will not exist, and so neither will the fish, thus destroying a very important industry.Other Emerging Industries-In recent years the services sector and tourism were hit hard by the political disturbances of 1997 and 1998, but over the past 5 years consumer confidence has returned and made headway for new spheres of development. In 1999 tourist arrivals to the country rose by 41%, and then by another 34% in the year 2000. tourism is a major industry, generating $63 million in 1999. The government in conjunction with airlines has created direct flights to Siem Reap from destinations such as Bangkok, Ho Chi Minh City and there are plans for flights from Singapore, all this has contributed greatly to tourism in regional areas of Cambodia and has huge marketability as multi-country package tours become very popular to westerners.The service sector, report for 36% of total GDP in 2000, seems poised to enter a sustained period of expansion after several years of stagnation according to economic analysts from the ADB organisation. United Nations involvement, and becoming a member of the WHO, has for certain affected the publics attitudes towards restaurants and hotels. The aforementioned organisations set up protocols and regulations for the government to implement, and trained inspectors and officials to make sure proprietors and companies abide by them. This has seen a 49% growth in services and more consumers than ever.Cambodias main export partners are as follows Vietnam 18%, Thailand 15%, US 10%, Singapore 8% and China 5%. Its import partners are much the same with the addition of Japan. The trade balance is reasonable with imports at $1.3 billion and exports at $942 million.11% of Cambodias total land usage is in permanent pastures. Officia lly, there are 0% permanent crop pastures, but it is estimated that this figure has risen to 4% over the last two years. 5% of all land used is for narcotics/drug manufacturing, with Cambodia being a huge international producer of heroin, opium, amphetamines and cannabis. There is large-scale political involvement in stopping this drug-trade, but a lot of local officials previous to the elections, were involved in taking bribes and in some extreme circumstances were actually growing and selling drugs themselves.Section CEconomic development for any country is a long and hard journey that has problems with trade, neighbouring countries, religious aspects and so forth Possibly the most important thing to consider, as a spin-off of development is the impact it has on the environment. This impact on the environment can be things like forestry, mining, pollution, species of animals becoming endangered, and declination of bio-diversity etc. Cambodia has a lot of these problems and they ar e being addressed, but it is the illegal (and legal) logging that carries the title for most urgent industry to fix, as it is destroying the forests and killing animals. This is saying the least about what the implications of this destruction may be.Slowly the government is engagement national parks and declaring them forbidden to forestry companies. What is happening when companies chop trees down is that they are destroying habitats of wildlife, preventing things from ever growing again because of their wastes, and as a result reducing the total bio-diversity of the country. In these rain forests and woodlands, many endangered animals that are extinct in Thailand, Vietnam and PDR Laos, live and coexist.Species such as Asiatic elephants, tigers, lepoards, Asiatic rhinos, gibbons and crocodiles are all slowly losing their homes as the number of suitable habitats grows less and less. When deforestation occurs upstream, massive damage as a result of floods occurs downstream. This fl ooding affects everything, from agriculture (farms being underwater and losing crops, livestock, equipment), to towns and villages being underwater. Funnily enough, the inverse of this situation is that fisheries and their production improve greatly with the more severe floods.Most of the environmental consequences have been discussed in previous sections, so in summing up, Cambodia is a country of rich history and huge potential tourism, its social ideals still have a fair way to improve, but in Cambodia you can see a country that against all odds has come out of political oppression and started to find its identity and become a developed country.